1. Unit 2 Vocabulary terms Laissez- faire Union / guild Collective bargaining Boycott / strike

2. Unit 2 Vocabulary terms industrialization urbanization rural mechanization

3. Unit 2 Vocabulary terms factory Enclosure movement Crop rotation monopoly

4. Unit 2 Vocabulary terms entrepreneur bourgeoisie Agricultural revolution Socialism

5. Unit 2 Vocabulary terms Communism Capitalism Utilitarianism proletariat

6. Unit 2 Vocabulary terms Marxism Subsistence farming Suffrage Assembly line

7. Unit 2 Vocabulary terms Specialization Artisan Natural resources Capital 3-field system Social criticism/critique

8. Unit 2 Vocabulary definitions Laissez-Faire An economic policy which promotes non-interference by the government in economic affairs. Literal translation from French: “To Let Be” Typical of a “free market” economy. Union/guild union—a collective of workers which use the power of their numbers to negotiate better working conditions and wages from an employer. Guild—a pre-industrial union; a collective of artisans whose purpose is to regulate and enforce standards for a specific trade. Collective bargaining negotiations between union representatives and employers for a labor contract. Boycott/strike Tactics used to coerce employers or companies towards a desired goal: Boycott: to stop purchasing from a specific company, or a specific product; Strike: when workers refuse to go to work until contract demands are met.

9. Unit 2 Vocabulary definitions industrialization the process of transforming a society’s method of production to machine-made goods in mass quantities urbanization The growth of cities and factories; the movement of people into the cities. rural describes a place or region that is primarily based on farming and simple technology; not industrial, opposite of urban. mechanization the shift from producing goods by hand to having machines produce them.

10. Unit 2 Vocabulary definitions factory a large building which houses large machines which produce goods in large quantities. Enclosure movement an early step in the agricultural revolution; landowners reclaimed rented lands from peasants, then fenced in their property to experiment with scientific farming methods. Resulted in important discoveries and the displacement of many peasant farmers. Crop rotation a result of scientific farming; an efficient use of farm lands which allows for all farmland to be used and replenishes soil for subsequent seasons. monopoly the ownership of all products or factories in a given industry; a lack of economic competition.

11. Unit 2 Vocabulary definitions entrepreneur a business owner; one who starts his or her own business. bourgeoisie French for “middle class.” a term used by Karl Marx to describe the part of society who held all the power & wealth—the “haves.” Agricultural revolution Led to the Industrial Revolution; a dramatic transformation in the methods of pre-industrial (medieval) farming that led to improved yields. socialism a political and economic philosophy which promotes that government should own and run all factories and farms for society.

12. Unit 2 Vocabulary definitions communism political and economic philosophy where all citizens equally own factories & farms and run them for the benefit of everyone. capitalism an economic philosophy that is based on laissez-faire policies; it promotes a system of private ownership of business that is profit-driven. utilitarianism a social & economic philosophy which promotes the greatest good for the greatest number of people; labor assignment is determined by skill or talent. proletariat a working class person; term used by Karl Marx to describe the part of society that held no power or wealth—the “have-nots.”

13. Unit 2 Vocabulary definitions marxism philosophy developed by Karl Marx stating that capitalism will violently collapse upon itself, resulting in a world-wide communist society. Subsistence farming pre-industrial farming where enough food is grown to feed a family or village; not profit-driven. suffrage the right to vote, or act of voting. Assembly line method of production where different tasks are divided among workers for faster, more efficient production. It requires less skill; division of labor.

14. Unit 2 Vocabulary definitions specialization focusing on a more specific task of production, rather than the entire process. artisan a skilled craftsperson who creates an entire product with her own hands. Natural resources naturally occurring materials which are used by an industrialized economy. Ex.) coal, rivers, cotton, rubber, iron ore, etc. capital the money or tools needed to run a business. 3-field system pre-industrial system of farming where land was divided into three fields: livestock, crops & fallow (unused), then rotated next season. Preceded Crop Rotation. Social critique/criticism an opinion or judgment of what is wrong or bad about social practices or values; usually in the form of plays, literature, art, etc.