1. Industry & The North
AP U.S. History

2. Rural Life: Early 1800’s
Farming Family: husband, wife, children, 4 to 5 slaves, & 100+ acres.
Community: neighbors, wives, daughters and female slaves collect, spin wool, & complete domestic duties.
Self-sufficient , surplus extra (community & cash market).
Diverse: cattle, sheep, oats, hay, wheat, & veggies.
Barter system with neighbors
Begin shift from traditional to commercial agriculture.

3. Family Labor System Work place was home or farm.
Family apprenticeships:
Mothers teach daughter
Fathers teach son field & barn tasks
Diversify family income:
Long winter: Whole families made shoes.
Local, immediate use.
No fixed prices on goods; done with barter.
No fixed production schedule.
Home and work were the same.
All family members viewed as wage-earners

4. Urban Life Early 1800’s Craftsmen control production
Apprenticeship (men): Important process for training skilled labor.
12-14 years old.
Duration: 3-7 years.
Treated like family
Save up capital for own store.
Long hours: Sun up to sun down.
Female urban work
Acceptable: Domestic servants, laundresses, seamstresses, cooks, & managing boarding houses.
Unacceptable: Prostitution.

5. Patriarchy & Social Order
Father, head of household, reflected in society:
Legal power: Property rights, women couldn’t testify.
Divorce: Husband keeps children or man dies & oldest son inherits all possessions.
Life organized around job/trade, whole family involved (blacksmith, baker, printing, etc.)
Family help is not recognized.
Social Order
Wealthy merchants > large land owners > artisans > yeomen farmers > common laborers > tenet farmers > farm laborers
Distinguished by dress & manner.

6. Market Revolution 3 Main Developments
Rapid improvements in transportation
Moved goods and people with ease.
Commercialization
Involved replacing household barter with producing goods for cash market.
Putting-out system
Industrialization
Using power- driven machinery to produce goods, instead of manually.
Outcome: Inexpensive goods in quantity for Americans.

7. Putting-Out System
Home manufacturing- merchant pays by piece for home production, to be sold at market.
Division of Labor: Worker makes part of product and it moves on to next specialist.
Moves control from artisan to merchant capitalist: Leads to industrial capitalism.
Farm families enjoy the diversity & new source of income.
Workshops gradually replace artisan shops, eventually apprenticeship will disappear.
Merchants now control production, labor costs, production goals, & styles.

8. Labor: 1820’s Men head west to make fortune.
Rural women are untapped labor force.
Accustomed to long work hours.
Women did not live alone.
Lowell, MA offers supervision on the job and at home.
Rules of conduct
Compulsory religious service
Concerts, lectures and cash.

9. Industrialization
Result of a series of technological changes in the textile trade.
Moving from manual labor to mechanization of power driven machines that did the work.
Previous dependence upon farmers for American ideal (T.J.).
Major affects are an increase in the lower class, ghettos, & child labor.
New England favored this rapid industry
British were leaders. Must steal their technology.
Samuel Slater (1789) snuck out of England & brings secrets with him.
Improved on machinery.
Most advanced cotton mill opens in 1790.
Workplace:
Children
Women
Soon mills pop up all over New England.
Embargo , tariffs protected American mills from British competition.

10. Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832

11. Lowell Mills
Francis Cabot Lowell (1810), industrial spy, improved on British technology and invented the power loom.
1814 World’s first integrated cotton mill.
All aspects of production.
Lowell, MA: 1826, people and by 1836 there are 17,000
Brings about issues of authority.
50% of workforce: Children
25% men & 25% women

12. Lowell Mills (Cont.) 1840’s Wages:
Unskilled children $1/week.
$12/week for skilled workers.
Unskilled adults: $ /year ($3.50/week).
$300/year needed to stay above poverty line.
Communities v. Mill Towns: Viewed mill workers as low class, & transient. Leads to new social distinctions.
Jobs were good for locals, but mill owners dictated politics

13. American System of Manufactures
Interchangeable parts: Breaks down a machine and it is easily fixed.
Eli Whitney- First attempt 1798, failed.
Simeon North & John Hall mastered concept with machine parts and the rifle.
Revolutionary production:
1810: Produce 100 nails a minute, cutting costs by 2/3.

14. Steamboat 1st Steamboat: OH River (1811).
Advantages: Increased production, profits, capitalism, wealth, & living conditions.
Disadvantages: Loss of jobs, growth between rich and poor, specialized skill not as marketable, beginning of slums & urban issues.

15. Industrial Capitalism
Specialization & standardization.
Concentration of capital.
Large gap between poor and wealthy.
Creates the worst urban areas.
Child labor.
Poor working conditions.
Low pay.

16. Middle Class Transition
Labor Workers
12% 1800 to 40% in 1860, most in North, mostly women.
Major changes in life:
“Putting-out” destroyed apprenticeship.
Creates child labor.
Women did not return to farms, but stayed in cities, & married.
Diminished patriarchal control

17. Class Transition Continued…
Slaves v. Wage Laborers
South: “We care until they die.”
North: Occasionally provides housing (Lowell) but mostly they are responsible for themselves.
Which was better?
Shift from skilled to unskilled
Manual labor that is mindless.
Problems: Overcrowding of job market, & low wages.
No longer care about efficient production.
Intense labor for low wages.

18. Leisure Work is separate from home creating a need for “leisure time.”
Sunday is day for leisure.
Most favor local taverns.
Spectator sports: horse racing, boxing and baseball (1850’s).
Concerts, operas, plays, & circuses.

19. Free Labor
Free Labor: “free” stands for the right to choose to work and where.
Hard-work, self-discipline, strive for economy & independence, lead to individualistic attitude.

20. Occupations of Women Wage Earners in Massachusetts, 1837

21. Collective Bargaining
Women lead first strikes (unfeminine & ungrateful)
1824: Women RI wage cuts, increased hours
1834: 800 Women (Lowell)-denied, packed up
Most strike are unsuccessful.
More laborers are always available (Irish immigrants).
NE Female Labor Reform Assoc. (1845) started springing up in mill towns
Desire a 10 hour work day.
NH grants petition in 1847, followed by ME (1848), & PA (1849).

22. New Social Order 1840: 1% of population owns 40% of wealth.
Upward mobility: Increase in middle class.
Prior to Industrial Revolution there was no movement, stuck from birth.
Middle Class: Male & female roles diverge.
Men: Industrious, responsible & in control of their business.
Women: Remain at home.
Responsible for cooking, cleaning & creating a refuge from the industrial work place.
Women’s magazines: Godey’s Ladies Book (circ 70,000) offers advice, recipes, and embroidery patterns.
Have fewer children. They require more care & education.
1800: average 7 children. 1900: average 4 children.
1830: abortion widely used to limit family size.

23. Religion
Philosophy of sobriety, responsibility, steady, & hard work, model for workers.
Reinforced by religion (2nd Great Awakening). Salvation through self-discipline and individual achievement.
Conversion & repentance were community events.
Evangelism becomes middle class religion.
Converted display morally respectable behavior.
Model for their workers.
Each worker is responsible for own way
Leads to Social Darwinism.