2. 600-1450 C.E. Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

3. Pre-Colombian Societies  Mesoamerica –Teotihuacan –Maya –Toltecs –Aztecs  Northern Peoples –Southwest Desert Cultures –Mound Builders- The Mississippi Culture  Andean Civilizations –Moche, Paracas, Nazca –Inca

4. Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

5. Classic-Era Culture of Mesoamerica 600 - 900 C.E.

7. Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula

8. Chichen-Itza

9. Chichen-Itza - Observatory

10. Chichen-Itza - Ball Court

11. Mayan Cultivation of Maize Chac, God of Rain - ->

12. Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes

13. Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Masks

14. Tikal Jungle View at Sunset

15. Tikal - Main Court

16. Tikal: Temple of the Masks

17. Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain Go d

18. Mayan Glyphs Mayan Mathematics sky king house child city sky king house child city

19. Mayan Glyphs

20. Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate

21. Mayan Warfare  The Mayan Kingdoms fought constantly with each other. Typically, the victors destroyed the peoples they defeated.  Warriors won prestige when they brought back important captives from neighboring kingdoms. Ultimately, most captives would spend their lives as slaves or sacrificial victims to the Mayan gods.  Between the ninth and eleventh centuries C.E., Chichen Itza organized a loose empire that brought a measure of political stability to the northern Yucatan.

22. Mayan Society and Religion  Apart from the kings and ruling families, Mayan society included a large class of priests, who maintained an elaborate calendar, knowledge of writing, astronomy, and mathematics.  Like many other early civilizations, specialization of labor helped to establish distinct social classes.  Peasants and slaves fed the entire society and provided physical labor for the construction of cities and monuments.

23. The God of Wisdom & Learning Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom & Learning

24. Maya  Between 800 -900 C.E. cities abandoned Why? –Trade disrupted –Tropical agriculture –Slash and burn  Religious, genealogies, Historical events  No wheel, pulleys, beasts of burden  Patrilineal but traces of women rulers  Mayan Calendar –Ritual calendar –Solar Calendar  Maya cosmos –Heaven, earthly existence, dark underworld –December 23, 2012?

26. Teotihuacan  Expanding human populations led to congregations of people in cities and to the emergence of what is believed to be the largest city in the Americas.  At its high point, about 400 to 600 C.E., Teotihuacan was home to almost 200,000 inhabitants, a thriving metropolis with scores of temples, several palatial residences, busy markets, and hundreds of workshops for artisans and craftsmen.  Like the later Maya, the residents of Teotihuacan built on the cultural foundations of the Olmec.  They played the ball game, adopted the Olmec calendar, and expanded the Olmec’s system of writing.

27. Teotihuacan

29.  Religious architecture  Sun, Moon, and 20 smaller pyramids  Human sacrifice was performed?  Floating Gardens  No evidence of single rulers  Collapse of Teotihuacan is unknown  Conflict, HEI, Class conflict  C. 650 C.E.

30. Post-classic Period in Mesoamerica 900-1500 C.E.

32. Toltecs c. 800-1000  Possible satellite population  Borrowed heavily from Teotihuacan  given credit for all great Mesoamerican achievements  First conquest state  Established Tula around 968 C.E.  Art more warlike and violent character  Two chieftains or kings ruled the Toltec state  Around 1156 C.E. northern invaders overcame Tula  Toltecs influenced the later Mexica or Aztec culture

33. Toltec Capital, Tula

34. “Toltec” means artisan

35. Tula- Pyramid

36. Impact of Maya and Aztec?

38. Lands of the Aztecs

39. Mexica or Aztecs  Arrived after collapse of Tula  Served as serfs and mercenaries  Population grew as did power  1325 C.E. began construction Capitals –Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco  Military success leads to lakeshore gains  Introduced Monarchial system  Aristocrats selected rulers  Military expansion leads to stratification of society  Leaders legitimated their rule through rituals  Populations of urban areas over 150,000  Tribute payments were common- 1/4 was food  1500 C.e.- Capital and surrounding areas 500,000

40. Aztec View of Tenochtitlan Modern Mexico City

41. Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan Three Plazas Aztec Spanish Mexican

42. The Codex Mendoza : The Founding of Tenochtitlan

43. Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

44. Az tec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15 ft. to 30 ft. wide

45. Tenochtitlan - Chinampas

46. Aztec Math Aztec Writing

47. Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar

48. Aztec Sun Motifs

49. Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript)

50. The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors

51. Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God

52. Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid

53. Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan

54. Sacrificial Statue? Tenochtitlan

55. Aztec Gold

57. Moche c. 100-800 C.E.  Dominated north of Peru  Cultural distinction  No unified political structure  Irrigation of crops –Maize, beans, manioc –Coca for ceremonies  Theocratic society  Gold / Graves robbed by Spanish  All weaved  Canals led to decline  No political leader?

58. The Moche aka Chimu/Chimor  Chan Chan c. 850  Lost legacy?  Contemporary to the Ica- Nazca to the south  El Nino?

59. The Moche (Chimor)

61. Lands of the Incas Cultural Links Chavin Paracas Ica-Nazca Moche (Chimor) Cuzco Inca

62. Kingdom of Cusco 1197-1438  Kingdom of Cusco (sometimes spelled Cuzco and in Quechua Qosqo or Qusqu) was a small kingdom in the Andes that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the 12th century.  In time, through either warfare or peaceful assimilation, it began to grow and was succeeded by the Inca Empire

63. Kingdom of Cusco 1197-1438  The Inca began as a tribe in the Cuzco area around the 12th century under the leadership of Manco Cápac  they formed the small city-state of Cusco  In time, Cusco would become the center of the Inca Empire

64. Inca Empire 1438-1533  In 1438, under the command of the Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti (world-shaker), the Incas began a far-reaching expansion into neighboring lands.  The land which Pachacuti conquered was about the size of the Thirteen Colonies at the outbreak of the American Revolution of 1776, and consisted of nearly the entire territory of the Andes mountain range

65. Inca Empire 1438-1533 100 year old empire Multiethnic Empire 200,000 soldiers

66. Pachacuti r. 1438-1463  Reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into an empire  Federalist system that consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders  Pachacuti is thought to have built the citadel of Machu Picchu, either as a family home or as a vacation estate

67. Machu Picchu c. 1450 Celestial Location Sacred Space Vacation Home?

68. Machu Picchu See Him? Viracocha Universe Sun Moon Stars Civilization

70. The Inca c.1438-1533  Land of the Four Corners  By 1525, 6 million plus-> Pizarro 1526  2,000 miles along Andes and pacific  Centered in Cuzco  Chiefdom based on tribute  Conquered peoples helped economy  Pastoralists both men & women  Lake Titicaca to Amazon to Pacific  Quechua still spoken

71. C uzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)

72. Inca Roads

73. Inca Social Structure  On top was the Sapa Inca, or the emperor  Then came the nobles, these were often the priests and relatives of past emperors or the current ones.  After, there were craftsmen and architects. they were very high on the social ladder because of the skill that they had was required by the Empire for such buildings.  Then came the working class, often just farmers that were kept in their social groupings. After this, were the slaves and peasants of the society

74. Incan Suspension Bridges

75. Incan Terrace Farming

76. Sacsayhuman Cusco Inca Trail

77. Incan Digging Sticks Quinoa

78. Ollantaytambo granaries

79. Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work

80. Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans

81. Produce from a Typical Incan Market

82. Incan Ceramic Jars PeanutPeanut PotatoPotato SquashSquash Cacao God Cacao Pod

83. The Quipu: An Incan Database Language?

84. Incan Mummies

85. Inca Gold & Silver

86. Poor timing…1532 100 year old empire Why weren’t they able to stop Pisaro?

87. Northern Peoples 900-1500 C.E.

89. Southwest Desert Cultures  Hohokam of the Salt and Gila River Valleys –Strongest Mexican influence –Ball courts, platform mounds, pottery  By 1000 - elaborate irrigation system  Hisatsinom (Anasazi)-“Ancient Ones” emerge in four corners  By 600-well established economy based on: –Maize, beans, and squash  Geometrical pottery designs  By 900 C.E.- large multistory residential and ritual centers  Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, Kiet Siel, & Canyon de Chelley

90. Chaco Canyon  Northwestern New Mexico  Eight large towns built in canyon  Approximately 15,000  Multilevel residences  Social life and crafts activities  Gender roles more egalitarian  Modern-day Pueblos

91. Chaco canyon -Kiva

92. Southwest Desert Cultures Anasazi Hohokam Mongollon

93. Hisatsinom (Anasazi) Dwellings

94. Hisatsinom (Anasazi) Art

95. Mesa Verde

97. Mound Builders- Mississippian Culture  In North America, the first developed towns in the Mississippi Valley would not appear until around 700 C.E. with the largest of these at Cahokia near modern-day St. Louis.  Cahokia held a population of 20,000 and perhaps 40,000 lived in the region.  A strong central authority existed and stratification of society but no written records remain.  Sun worship?

98. Cahokia

99. Mound Builders  NY to IL  Ontario to FL  700-1500 C.E.  Hunting, gathering  Cultivation  Contacts w/ Mesoamerica?  Chiefdom tradition  10,000- hereditary ruler  Cahokia - Largest mound  100 ft x 1037 ft x 790 ft  30 m x 316 m x 241 m

100. Mound Builders  Canoe-based trade  Sea shells, copper  Grand tombs  Sacrifice of others  Military defeat?  Deforestation?  European arrival…

101. Southern Peoples c. 900 -1500 C.E.