1. Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Muslim Empires 21

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Muslim Empires I.The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II.The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III.The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Muslim Empires

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Muslim Empires

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks –Ottomans emerge dominant Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries –1453, take Constantinople Expansion –Middle East, north Africa, Europe –Dominate Mediterranean

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A State Geared to Warfare Military dominant –Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility –Janissary infantry  Conscripted youth from conquered peoples

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Sultans and their Court Use factions against each other Vizier –Oversees large bureaucracy Succession –No clear rules

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Constantinople Restored Commercial center Government control of trade, crafts Artisan guilds Turkish prevails

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Problem of Ottoman Decline Strong until late 1600s Decline –Extended –Infrastructure insufficient –Dependent on conquest  End of conquest brings deficiencies –Regional leaders divert revenue –Sultans less dynamic

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Janissaries –Conservative –Stop military, technological reform Lepanto, 1571 –Defeated by Spain, Venice –Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Portuguese outflank Middle East trade –Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean –Victories over Muslim navies Inflation –Caused by New World bullion –Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids Safavid family –Sufi preachers, mystics –Sail al-Din  Leads revival –1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz  Named shah Chaldiran, 1514 –Safavids defeated by Ottomans

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Safavid Empire

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs Tahmasp I –Becomes shah Abbas I (1587-­1629) –Height of Ottoman Empire –Persians as bureaucrats

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert State and Religion Adopt Persian after Chaldiran –Also Persian court traditions Shi'ism modified –Spreads to entire empire

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and the Art of the Mosque Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture –Building projects  Mosques in Isfahan

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Commonalities –Warrior aristocracies  Move to rural estates after conquest  Threat to central power –Imperial workshops  Artisans patronized –International trade encouraged –Women lose freedom  Subordinate to fathers, husbands

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Abbas I –Removes heirs –Weak grandson inherits  Decline begins Internecine conflict, outside threats –1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis Nadir Khan Afshar –Shah, 1736

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Abbas I –Removes heirs –Weak grandson inherits  Decline begins Internecine conflict, outside threats –1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis Nadir Khan Afshar –Shah, 1736

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Babur –Driven from Afghanistan –Invades India, 1526 –Turkic –Panipat, 1526  Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Babur –Khanua, 1527  Defeats Hindu confederation –1530, death  Succeeded by Humayn Flees to Persia Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire Akbar –Humayn's 13-year-old son –Reconciliation with Hindus  New religion, Din-i-Ilahi Blend of Islam and Hinduism  Toleration

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Social Reform and Social Change Women –Position improved –Widows encouraged to remarry –Child marriages discouraged –Sati prohibited –Seclusion undermined by women's market days

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts Death of Akbar –Reforms don't survive –Empire strong Cotton textiles to Europe –Especially among laboring and middle classes

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century –Continue toleration –Less energetic –Support arts  Taj Mahal

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women Nur Jahan –Wife of Jahangir –Head of powerful faction Mumtaz Mahal –Wife of Shah Jahan –Also powerful

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women Ordinary women –Position declines –Sati spreads among upper classes –Other of Akbar's reforms die out

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb –Succeeds Shah Jahan –Programs  Rule all India  Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint –1707, controls most of India  Expensive, distracting  Other developments disregarded Revolt Autonomy of local leaders

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb –Hindus exluded from high office  Non-Muslims taxed –Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge Between Civilizations Comparison with Russian and Chinese growth in the same period –All highly centralized politically –Absolute, hereditary rulers –Dependent on new military technologies Transmission of scientific knowledge Artistic influence between Muslim empires