1. Argument Essays

2. What is an Argument Essay? A type of writing that builds a convincing argument To argue convincingly, a writer needs to support a claim with clear reasons and evidence.

3. Opinion vs. Persuade vs. Argue What is the difference?

4. Opinion o·pin·ion əˈpinyən/ noun noun: opinion; plural noun: opinions A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. synonyms: belief, judgment, thought(s), (way of) thinking, mind, (point of) view, viewpoint, outlook, attitude, stance, position, perspective, persuasion, standpoint;

5. Persuade per·suade pərˈswād/ verb verb: persuade; 3rd person present: persuades; past tense: persuaded; past participle: persuaded; gerund or present participle: persuading To cause (someone) to believe something, especially after a sustained effort; convince. synonyms: prevail on, coax, convince, get, induce, coerce, influence, sway, inveigle, entice, tempt, lure, cajole, wheedle

6. Argue ar·gue ˈärɡyo͞o/ Verb To give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory; typically with the aim of convincing others to believe an idea. Synonyms: reason, justify, explain, rationalize

7. Persuasion vs. Argument Persuasion appeals to the audience’s feelings and values – Ex: Candidate for Mayor urges voters to support her because she will clean up the town’s parks. Argument appeals to the audience’s sense of reason – Ex: Newspaper columnist defends a town’s traffic- light camera policy on the grounds of the annual reduction in car accidents.

8. Appeals to Readers Ethical Appeal Emotional Appeal Rational Appeal

9. Ethical Appeal The sense you convey of your knowledge on the topic Supported by: – Reasonable argument – Sufficient evidence – Tone

10. Emotional Appeal Aims directly for readers’ beliefs, values, and feelings Reasons: – To urge readers to respond to the argument – To inspire readers to new beliefs – To encourage readers to act on particular issues Be careful not to get off topic! For example, if you are arguing students should have less homework, do not get off track by discussing a particular teacher.

11. Rational Appeal Addresses the reader’s capacity to reason logically about a problem. Examples of logic: – Inductive reasoning – when you start with factual evidence and explain how it supports a general idea. – Deductive reasoning – when you start with a general idea and apply it to a specific situation to draw a conclusion.

12. Rational Appeal Example of inductive reasoning: – Offer facts on the average amount of time spent on HW per night for an 8 th grader at Antrim (proof) – Use those facts to conclude that teachers rely exclusively on HW to teach students (general statement– needs proof ^)

13. Rational Appeal Example of deductive reasoning – A child who burns himself three times by different stoves approaches another stove and concludes the stove will also burn him. All stoves burn me. (generalization) This is a stove. (specific assertion about something) Therefore, this stove will burn me. (conclusion)

14. Persuasive Writing Claim based on opinion Not always verified (propaganda, advertisements) Emphasis on appealing to audience through emotions, desires, and needs Appeals to writer’s character, credentials, and trustworthiness May make an “argument” but doesn’t always include elements of a formal argument May not take opposing views into account Argumentative Writing Claim – could be opinion, position, hypothesis, thesis statement, theory Verified Claim – based on relevant and sufficient evidence Emphasis on LOGICAL REASONING Appeals to writer’s credibility, which is established through knowledge of subject matter and merits of reason and factual evidence Includes the following elements of an argument: Claim, opposing claim, reasons and evidence, logical reasoning

15. Everyday Arguments What is the difference between arguing over a soccer referee’s decision vs. arguing with readers over a complex issue?

16. Everyday Arguments Referee is right in front of us– we can shift our tactics in response to his/her gestures, expressions, and words The reader is “out there”; we have to anticipate those gestures by carefully – Addressing the subject – Structuring the argument – Choosing evidence to support it

17. Everyday Arguments Two witnesses to an accident sometimes do not agree on what they saw (Example)

18. Components of an Argument Essay Claim Opposing Claim Reasons and Evidence Logical Reasoning

19. Claim The position taken by the writer regarding an idea or topic Should be clearly stated in the introduction.

20. Opposing Claim A good writer will always include opposing or alternate claims, just to show readers they have considered the subject from all sides. An argument is strengthened when counterclaims are logically addressed.

21. Reasons and Evidence A good writer will support a claim with solid reasons and factual evidence. Reasons explain why the writer holds the opinion, while evidence– concrete facts and solid examples– support those reasons.

22. Logical Reasoning The way a writer builds an argument is called reasoning. Effective reasoning is well organized and logical. Reasons and supporting evidence need to be presented in a clear, easy to follow way.

23. Why write an Argument Essay? To Convince To Inform To State a Position

24. To convince We all have opinions we feel strongly about– so strongly that we try to convince others to hold the same positions. An argument essay is a powerful tool to use when trying to change the opinions of readers.

25. To Inform Readers can understand a topic in a new way An argument essay can help readers make positive changes in their lives due to their new understanding of certain topics.

26. To State a Position Making informed decisions is extremely important. A good argument essay can help clarify an issue and get readers to act. Understanding all sides of an issue is the best way to form an opinion that is based on fact.

27. Argument Writing Traits Ideas Organization Voice Word Choice Sentence Fluency Conventions

28. Ideas Clearly stated position or claim Relevant supporting evidence that comes from reliable, credible sources Alternate or opposing claims that are acknowledged and addressed with logical evidence

29. Organization Must have the following elements: *Introduction – presents your position *Body – presents the argument *Conclusion – sums up argument and/or offers a call to action Transitions that clarify the relationships among ideas

30. Voice Voice and tone that are appropriate for the purpose and audience Keep your opinion OUT. Support your reasons with FACTS

31. Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions Vary your word choice and use language that keeps the reader interested. Vary your sentence length and structure. PROOFREAD!!!! You will not convince anyone with an essay full of spelling and grammar mistakes.

32. Sample Essay “Give a Student a Laptop, Give a Student the World” -Why do you think the writer presents the cons first?

33. Sample Essay Claim Factual Evidence Opposing Claims Reasons Where could the writer have been more convincing?

34. Using the Rubric Who is the audience? How does Lori present a convincing argument? What is her purpose for writing this essay? Does she state her claim clearly? Does she support her position and acknowledge opposing viewpoints? How does she organize the essay? What is her call to action? How does she use a convincing voice? How well does she use precise words? How well does she write interesting sentences? How well does she use correct grammar, mechanics, and spelling?

35. Prewrite Decide on a position and find reliable evidence to support it. Gather information from sources. Use search terms effectively -Write a major question about your topic -Underline main words in your question to articulate what you’re looking for -Search using these key words

36. Credible Website A credible website is an online source that contains accurate, trustworthy, up-to-date information. Example: britannica.com – information on this site comes from the same people who wrote the Encyclopedia Britannica

37. The Dangers of Plagiarizing To plagiarize is to present another person’s ideas as your own. This is STEALING. INSTEAD, you can paraphrase—this means you will restate the meaning of a particular passage or bit of information in your own words. Even when paraphrasing, you must still cite your sources.

38. Sentence Outline A Sentence Outline lists the writer’s reasons and supporting evidence in logical order.. Each main point has a Roman numeral. The supporting details under each main point have uppercase letters (A,B,C). The introduction and conclusion are not included. See pg. 293