1. Forensic Aspects of Fire Investigation
Chapter 12
Forensics

2. Fire: rapid oxidation with evolution of heat and light.
The Chemistry of Fire: Oxidation
Fire: rapid oxidation with evolution of heat and light.

3. The Chemistry of Fire: Oxidation
Arson - The crime of maliciously, voluntarily, and willfully setting fire to the building, buildings, or other property of another or of burning one's own property for an improper purpose, as to collect insurance.

4. The fundamental chemical reaction of fire
Chemistry of Fire
Oxidation
The fundamental chemical reaction of fire
Oxygen combines with other substances to make new products
Ex: CH O2 → CO H2O
NOT all oxidation reactions are fire related. (Like iron reacting with oxygen to form rust). However most combustion reactions require a ‘spark’ (match or something) to get the reaction started. Just opening the gas valves on the desks does not cause methane to react with the oxygen in the air, we have to add energy through a sparker to get a flame going.

5. Energy & Combustion Energy – ability to do work
Many forms: heat, electrical, potential, kinetic, nuclear, light, chemical
In fires the energy of the fire is provided from chemical energy when bonds are broken
All oxidation reactions are exothermic which means: ___________________.
This released energy is sometimes called the heat of combustion
A combustion reaction is one where a substance BURNS in the presence of oxygen.
Exothermic means – energy/heat goes out or is released

6. Heat
Not only do chemical reactions sometimes release energy, but they require energy in order to start breaking the bonds
This energy is typically HEAT
Once combustion is started, it releases enough heat to keep the reaction going
heat – frequently supplied with a match, but can be supplied with sparks, electrical discharge or chemicals

7. Speed of Reaction
In order to produce fire, oxidation reactions must happen quickly
Many thing will speed up a reaction. In forensics we look at:
The physical state of fuel. The fuel (wood, methane, gasoline) must be in the gaseous state for fire to occur.
Fuel temperature. Fuel must be at a high enough temperature to be vaporized (turned into a gaseous state)

8. Fuel-Air Mix and Types of Combustion
Fuel-Air Mix – the mixture of the gaseous fuel and oxygen in the air must be within certain limits
Different for different fuels
If the mix is right it is said to be in the flammable range
Glowing Combustion – (smoldering) combustion on the surface of a solid fuel that is not hot enough to vaporize
Ex: glowing coals
Spontaneous Combustion – fire starts without any obvious source of energy. Very limited circumstances.
Ex: Hay stored in a poorly ventilated barn. Bacteria grows on the hay and produce heat. Heat builds up and ignites the hay.

9. Three Requirements to Initiate and Sustain Combustion
A fuel must be present.
Oxygen must be available in sufficient amounts to combine with the fuel.
Heat must be applied to initiate the combustion, and sufficient heat must be generated to keep the reaction going.

10. Transfer of Heat
Heat tends to move from a hot location to a cold location in one of three ways:
Conduction – through direct contact. As the solid object heats up, the atoms start to move faster. As they bump into each other they transfer energy(heat).
Ex: putting a metal spoon into a pot on the stove.
Convection – transfer through the movement of molecules in a liquid or a gas.
Ex: water heating on a stove. As the water heats up it rises. Once it is at the top of the pot it is further from the stove and cools. As it cools it falls. Once it is at the bottom it starts to heat again and the cycle repeats.
Radiation – transfer through electromagnetic waves
Ex: heat from the sun. all hot surfaces emit SOME radiant heat

11. Who investigates the fire?
Searching the Fire Scene
Cause of Fire:
Natural
Accidental
Undetermined
Intentional
Who investigates the fire?
Often, the Fire Department will have an investigative team to determine the cause/origin of a fire. (major events = ATF)

12. Searching the Fire Scene
Clues that it may have been arson:
Containers for holding accelerants such as gasoline or kerosene
Ignition device
Irregular pattern on floor or ground from accelerant (meaning that the fire didn’t spread the way it would have naturally)
Sign of breaking and entering and theft
Scene needs to be search as soon as possible because accelerant residues may evaporate quickly

13. What evidence can be collected?
Searching the Fire Scene
What evidence can be collected?
Paper/Trash – not much evidence
Accelerant – rapid start
Chemical device (road flares, propellant)
Electronic device for delayed ignition
Unburned portions of chemical and electronic devices may be left behind.

14. Locating the Fire’s Origin
This is the first step in investigating a fire
May discover in the process more than one origin, which proves the fire was arson
Most fires tend to move
Upward
Outwards in a V-shape (see p 435 Figure 12-8)
If a flammable liquid was used
There may be more charring and more severe burning in the lower parts of the room and furniture
Once located the origin needs to be protected and sketches and photographs need to be done
Finding the origin makes it easier to find traces of accelerant or an ignition device

15. Searching for Accelerants
Usually there is SOME trace of the accelerant left after the fire
May have been absorbed by carpet, plaster, etc
Search may be aided by the use of a portable vapor detector
Accelerants generally are volatile, which means they vaporize at room temperature. The detector senses the gaseous substance in the air.
Dogs can also be trained to detect the presence of accelerants
Accelerants – accelerate the spread and rate of the fire

16. Collection & Preservation of Arson Evidence
Evidence must be packaged in airtight containers to prevent the accelerant traces from evaporating
Ex: unused paint cans, glass jars, tightly sealed bags
Only fill cans and jars ½ to 2/3 full so there is some air space

17. Collection & Preservation of Arson Evidence
Reference samples must be taken of items like carpet and drapes from an area where there was NO accelerant.
Igniters – matches and other devices used to start the fire are important evidence
The suspect’s clothes will usually contain traces of the accelerant used

18. Analysis of Flammable Residue
The gas chromatograph is used frequently because it separates the components of liquid accelerants easily
Can compare to patterns of known petroleum products
Headspace Technique – heat the airtight container the debris are in and the accelerant will vaporize into the left over air space. The gas can then be removed with a syringe through the top of the can and injected into the gas chromatograph.

19. Analysis of Flammable Residues
Vapor Concentration – the headspace technique only allows a small sample to be tested (the volume of the syringe).
A charcoal strip is placed into the container and the container is heated. The strip absorbs the vapor released by the accelerant. The vapor is then ‘washed’ off with a solvent and injected into the gas chromatograph
Advantages: can find much smaller amount of accelerant. Much more sensitive

20. Analysis of Flammable Residue
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) – sometimes the GC is not enough to identify the accelerant used.
Possibly due to using a combination of chemicals or after- effects of the fire itself.
In this case, GCMS is used