2. Research Why is research important? Types Facts & Statistics Charts or graphs Examples Anecdotal evidence Narratives Ex: Amber’s Story = Amber Alert

3. Research Sources Secondary Books, Newspapers, Encyclopedias Primary Interviews Case Studies, Journals Avoid Most.com internet sources (i.e. “Wikiality”)Wikiality

4. Tips for Using Research Few facts – emphasize analysis Cite statistics infrequently Round large numbers 137,490 => ~150,000 18% => ~20% OR “1 in 5 Americans” OR “1 in 5 people in this room”  make evidence relevant to audience Generally: paraphrase

5. Citing Research In outlines II. Body A. Causes of World War II 1. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008 a) Economic depression b) German nationalism 2. History Channel.com, 2008 a) … B. Consequences of World War II 1. Dr. Mark Gring [Texas Tech University], 2004 a) …

6. Communication Applications

7. Organizational Patterns Informative Persuasive Topical Chronological Spatial Cause-Effect Problem-Solution Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Refutation Narrative Comparative Advantage

8. Topical About 30% of you will use this format “Categorical Pattern” Used when main points are sub-points of speech topic Example: Topic: Living in Tyler Main Point 1: Job opportunities Main Point 2: Housing and Education Main Point 3: Entertainment & Night Life

9. Chronological About 40% of you will use this format “Temporal Pattern” Arrangement based on timeline Newest to oldest; oldest to newest Example: Topic: Cold War Main Point 1: World War II Main Point 2: Korea & Vietnam Main Point 3: Fall of Communism

10. Spatial About 20% of you will use this pattern Based upon physical proximity Closest to furthest, E to W/N to S, etc. Example: Topic: Home Landscape Design Main Point 1: Near house – shrubbery Main Point 2: Lawn – care / maintenance Main Point 3: Near curb – flowers, accent items

11. Examples Dogs Getting a dog Breeders vs. Shelters vs. Pounds First year “Potty” training Obedience training Care / development Proper diet Exercise Developmental stages

12. Examples Dialects Northeast Fast rate of delivery Less willing to talk Specific language Midwest Moderate rate Moderate desire Specific language South (Texas) Slower rate Very willing to talk Specific language

13. Communication Applications