1. PALEOPATHOLOGIES OF THE MINE CANYON SITE: A PUEBLO III COMMUNITY ON THE B-SQUARE RANCH, FARMINGTON, NEW MEXICO Elizabeth Morgan Adams Please be advised that this presentation contains images of human skeletal remains.

3. THE SAMPLE: MINE CANYON SITE PUEBLO III (AD 1100-1300) Total Skeletal Sample:44 Number identifiable to sex: – Females(n=9) – Males(n=6) – Unknown Sex(n=29)

4. TRAUMA AND ACTIVITY RELATED ANOMALIES Impact trauma Anomalies related to repetitive lifting/carrying motions Artificial cranial deformation Bone robusticity

5. IMPACT TRAUMA Pathology Present Pathology Absent Females (n=9) 1 (11%)8 (88%) Males (n=6) 06 (100%) Unknown Sex (n=29) 1 (3%)28 (97%)

6. TRAUMA TO A CLAVICLE: BURIAL Z; FEMALE AGED 30-34 YEARS

7. LIFTING AND CARRYING STRESS Pathology PresentPathology Absent Female Vertebral Sample (n=8) 3 (38%)5 (62%) Male Vertebral Sample (n=4) 04 (100%) Vertebral Sample of Unknown Sex (n=17) 1 (6%)16 (94%)

8. ARTIFICIAL CRANIAL DEFORMATION Pathology PresentPathology Absent Female Crania Sample (n=5) 4 (80%)1 (20%) Male Crania Sample (n=4) 2 (50%) Cranial Sample of Unknown Sex (n=14) 6 (43%)8 (57%)

9. BONE ROBUSTICITY Pathology PresentPathology Absent Female Humerus Sample (n=6) 4 (67%)2 (33%) Male Humerus Sample (n=5) 1 (20%)4 (80%) Humerus Sample of Unknown Sex (n=11) 2 (18%)9 (82%)

10. TRAUMATIC VERSUS NONTRAUMATIC PATHOLOGIES TraumaNon-Trauma (Activity Related Anomalies) Females (n=9) 111 Males (n=6) 03 Unknown Sex (n=29) 19

11. SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA OF THE SACRUM Pathology PresentPathology Absent Female Sacral Sample (n= 6) 1 (17%)5 (83%) Male Sacral Sample (n=2) 1 (50%) Sacrum of Unknown Sex (n=7) 07 (100%)

12. EXAMPLE OF OSTEOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT ON THE VERTEBRA Ortner, Donald J. and Walter G.J. Putschar 1985Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

13. OSTEOARTHRITIS Pathology PresentPathology Absent Female Vertebral Sample (n=8) 7 (88%)1 (11%) Male Vertebral Sample (n=4) 2 (50%)

14. GENERAL INFECTIONS Pathology PresentPathology Absent Female Crania Sample (n=5) 1 (20%)4 (80%) Male Crania Sample (n=4) 04 (100%) Crania of Unknown Sex (n=14) 2 (14%)12 (86%)

15. EXAMPLE OF CRIBRA ORBITALIA: BURIAL ZC2

16. CRIBRA ORBITALIA Pathology PresentPathology Absent Female Crania Sample (n=5) 1 (20%)4 (80%) Male Crania Sample (n=4) 1 (25%)3 (75%) Crania of Unknown Sex (n=14) 014 (100%)

17. EXAMPLE OF DENTAL PATHOLOGIES: BURIAL M, FEMALE AGED 35-39 YEARS

18. EXAMPLE OF EAR EXOSTOSES Ortner, Donald J. and Walter G.J. Putschar 1985Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

19. SUMMARY AND COMPARISON SiteReferencesTemporal Span of Site Sample Number Mine Canyon Site Wheelbarger (2004) Durand (2007) Cline (2007) DeBoer and Tykot (2007) Enright (2007) Fuhrman (2007) Greene (2007) Snow, Durand, and Smith (2007) P III44 La Plata Valley Martin, Akins, Goodman, Toll, Swedlund (2001) P II – P III67

20. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH Mine Canyon SiteLa Plata Valley 29.1 years24.5 years

21. INFECTIOUS DISEASE FREQUENCIES MINE CANYON SITE Frequency Subadult (n= 12) 0 (0%) Adult (n=28) 3 (11%) LA PLATA VALLEY Frequency Subadult (n= 17) 5 (29.4%) Adult (n=28) 7 (25%)

22. FREQUENCIES OF POROTIC HYPEROSTOSIS (Adams, 2007; Martin et al., 2001) SiteFrequency Mine Canyon Site (PIII)8.6% La Plata Valley (PII-PIII)45.2% Canyon de Chelly (PII-PIII)55.1% Chaco Canyon (PII-PIII)71.8% Mesa Verde (PII-PIII)59.0%

23. PATTERNS OF TRAUMA IN THE LA PLATA VALLEY Cranial TraumaPost Cranial Trauma Cranial and Post Cranial Traumas Coinciding Males X Females XXX

24. COMPARISON Mine Canyon Site Longer life expectancy Infectious disease nearly absent in observable sample Porotic hyperostosis uncommon Trauma infrequently observed La Plata Valley Lower life expectancy Infectious disease mild, but fairly common Porotic hyperostosis prevelant Differential patterns in trauma between sexes

25. CONCLUDING REMARKS

26. REFERENCES CITED Ferembach, D. 1963 Frequency of Spina Bifida Occulta in Prehistoric Human Skeletons. Nature, 199: 100-101. Fuhrman, Jesse D. 2007 Age, Sex, Fertility and Mortality at Two Sites on the Middle San Juan River. Paper prepared for the Society for American Archaeology Conference in Austin, Texas. Giacobbe, John 1999 Demography, Paleopathology, and Activity-Related Anomalies of Human Skeletal Remains from the Rio Puerco Valley, Sandoval County, New Mexico. Hrdlicka, A. 1935 Ear Exostoses. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 93: 1-100. Martin, Debra L. Nancy J. Atkins, Alan H. Goodman, H. Wolcott Toll and Alan C. Swedlund 2001 Totah Time and Rivers Flowing – Excavations in the La Plata Valley, Vol. V Harmony and Discord: Bioarchaeology. Office of Archaeological Studies, Santa Fe. Ortner, Donald J. and Walter G.J. Putschar 1985Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. Snow, Meredeth 2007 Genetic Analysis of the Tommy and Mine Canyon Sites in Context of Southwest Populations. Paper prepared for the Society for American Archaeology Conference in Austin, Texas. Walker, P.L. 1985 Anemia among Prehistoric Indians of the American Southwest. In Health and Disease in the Prehistoric Southwest, ed. C.F. Merbs and R.J. Miller, pp. 139-163. Anthropological Research Paper No. 34. University of Arizona, Tempe. Wheelbarger, Linda 2004Puebloan Communities on the South Side of the Middle San Juan River. Pecos Conference Version of a paper prepared for the Salmon Working Conference.