1. Copyright. Prozone Pool Products. phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 www.prozoneint.com Alternative Sanitizers Available for download at www.prozoneint.com

2. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Water Treatment Requirements

3. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Pool Water Treatment Requirements Sources of Pollution Bather Loading Sweat, Urine, Mucus Skin Fecal Matter Cosmetics Dirt All are pollutants by themselves and most contain microorganisms Dirt (Other Sources) Dust Leaves, Grass, Soil

4. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Pool Water Treatment Requirements Sources of Pollution Bather Loading Sweat, Urine, Mucus Skin Fecal Matter Cosmetics Dirt All are pollutants by themselves and most contain microorganisms Dirt (Other Sources) Dust Leaves, Grass, Soil

5. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Pool Water Treatment Requirements

6. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Pool Water Treatment Requirements What are the Characteristics of a Good Treatment for Pool Water? Kills Organisms Quickly Stable in Water Produces no Harmful or Irritating Byproducts Stand Alone Treatment Kills Algae Removes Urea/Ammonia (Equivalent to Breakpoint Chlorination) Helps Reduce Bather Load Safe to Handle or Use Low Sensitivity to pH Low Sensitivity to Alkalinity Limited Effect on TDS Limited Effect on Pool Equipment and Structure

7. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Pool Water Treatment Requirements Disinfection only deals with a small portion of the water treatment problem Alternative sanitizers are generally looked at as replacements for chlorine Selection of an alternative sanitizer should be based on its performing as many of the functions chlorine performs while eliminating its undesirable characteristics Chlorines functions in water treatment can broadly be categorized as:  Oxidation  Disinfection  Kills Algae Disinfection consumes very small quantities of chlorine, up to 90 percent is consumed in oxidation reactions Any chlorine substitute must have a means to oxidize water

8. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Why is Oxidation Important?  Oxidation removes bather loading  Chlorine is neutralized by bather loading causing the formation of combined chlorines and chloramines (combined chlorines and chloramines cause odors, irritation, and other undesirable effects of chlorine, particularly when chlorine use is not managed properly) Bather loading can prevent sanitizers from attacking microorganisms by providing a protective coating Bather loading provides the nutrients required by microorganisms to reproduce and grow Destruction of volatile chemicals

9. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Pool Water Treatment Requirements Chlorine Base Line Oxidation Strength High Disinfection Strength High Kill TimeFast StabilityVaries Organism ResistanceYes Major ByproductsChloramines, Combined Chlorines Staining PotentialNo SolubilityHigh Stand AloneYes pH DependentYes Chlorine Shock EquivalentYes Algicidal PropertiesHigh

10. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Chlorine Generators

11. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Chlorine Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Technology Salt (NaCl) is added to the pool at concentrations varying from 2,500 ppm to 5,000 ppm. An electrolytic cell is added to the return and when the salt water passes through it the usable form of chlorine is generated. Salt Water (Contains Chlorine Ions) + Electrical Energy →Useable Chlorine

12. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Chlorine Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Chlorine Generator System Components Chlorine Generating Cell  Titanium or Titanium with Coating (Noble Metals)  One or Two Sided Cells Available Self-Cleaning Feature (Hard Water will Clog Cell) Power Supply Self-Cleaning Feature (Hard Water will Clog Cell) Displays and Controls (Various Options Available)

13. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Chlorine Generators Sanitation*Oxidation What are the Advantages of Chlorine Generation? Chlorine is generated on-site Provides all the treatment benefits of chlorine Eliminates handling of chemicals

14. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Chlorine Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations Corrosion can occur when excessive salt concentrations are used Salt water can damage some pool surfaces Combined chlorines and chloramines still a potential issue Dissimilar metals in immediate proximity to each other with different electrical potentials can pose a problem with high levels of salt Corrosion is commonly caused by low pH, low total alkalinity, and soft water

15. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators

16. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Technology Ozone is the most powerful disinfectant readily available. Because it is a gas, it must be generated on-site with either specialized vacuum ultraviolet lamps or an electrical arc (corona discharge). While typically classed as a sanitizer, ozone’s biggest benefit comes from its oxidation power. Oxygen + Energy (Light, Electrical) = Oxygen plus Ozone Ozone is oxygen with an extra molecule of oxygen loosely attached

17. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Generation with Vacuum Ultraviolet Lamps Air is passed over lamps which generate ultraviolet light at 185 nm. Some of the oxygen molecules are split into two oxygen atoms which combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone. O 2 + VUV Light → O - +O - O 2 + O - →O 3 The ultraviolet lamps used to generate ozone are not the same as those used to generate ozone. Outputs up to 1 lb-ozone per day

18. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Vacuum Ultraviolet System Components Ozone Producing Lamp(s) Ballast  Electronic-Provide best performance and lowest energy consumption  Magnetic Housing Compressor or Air Pump (Used for Specific Installations and Circumstances) Installation Kit

19. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Equipment Types Venturi Driven Relies on pressure differential created by the venturi to inject ozone into water Typically specified for use in spas and residential pools Compressor Driven Pressurizable lamp cartridges connected to diaphragm type air compressors Specified for use in commercial spas and residential and commercial pools (up to 1.2 million gallons) Sanitation*Oxidation

20. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Ozone Generator Extended Contact Distance Pool Sanitation*Oxidation

21. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generation with Small Corona Discharge Devices Corona discharge devices can be divided into two categories: Type I and Type II: Type I Generators use equipment to pre-treat the feed air in order to remove nitrogen (10 percent or less) and moisture (Relative Humidity of - 78 deg F or better). Water or air is used to cool the ozone cell in order to keep it below 100 deg F. They generate high concentrations of ozone and are generally found only in commercial applications due to their cost. Type II Generators are stripped down corona discharge devices. They consist of a corona discharge cell or plate and have no provisions in place to control the environmental factors which affect corona discharge ozone production. Examples of this type of ozone generator are small CD aquarium units, small CD spa units, and small CD air purifiers. Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge Sanitation*Oxidation

22. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Generation with Corona Discharge Equipment Air which is dried, or air which is dried and passed through a device which concentrates oxygen from the air is run through a high voltage arc (5,000 volts and up). The electrons in the field split some of the oxygen and the individual oxygen atoms recombine with normal oxygen to produce ozone. Concentrations are typically in the one (1) to ten (10) percent range. O 2 + High Energy Electrons → O - +O - O 2 + O - →O 3 Outputs available up to thousands of pounds per day Sanitation*Oxidation

23. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Corona Discharge Components Ozone Generating Cell (Air Cooled or Water Cooled) High Voltage Power Supply Oxygen Concentrator or Regenerative Air Dryer Compressor Options  Controls  Ozone Monitors  Contact Tanks Sanitation*Oxidation

24. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Vacuum Ultraviolet Lower Cost Easy Operation High Reliability Rugged Lower ozone concentration Operation in almost any environment Type I Corona Discharge High Ozone Outputs available High Ozone Concentrations available Higher Cost More Complex Excellent Performance when Properly Applied Required for Some Applications Sanitation*Oxidation

25. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generation with Small Corona Discharge Devices Ozone is generated by passing air through a high voltage arc. The arc splits oxygen molecules in their normal state (O 2 ) to form two atoms of oxygen (O - ). Nitrogen (N 2 ) is also split into its constituent atoms (N 2- ). O 2 + Electron Energy → O - + O - O - + O 2 → O 3 N 2 + Electron Energy→N 2- +N 2- N 2- +O - →NO x These reactions will occur anytime nitrogen is present with oxygen when ozone is created using the corona discharge process. When a home type corona discharge ozone generator is used, the quantity of nitrogen oxides produced may equal or even exceed the quantity of ozone produced. Nitrogen oxides convert to harmful compounds in the presence of moisture including nitric acid which is extremely corrosive. Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge Sanitation*Oxidation

26. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge Drawbacks of Type II Generators Corona discharge devices operate best when the air is dried. When it is not dry, ozone output decreases and the production of nitrogen compounds increases. The chart below shows how ozone production decreases as moisture content in the air increases (as shown by the dew point temperature increase) and the formation of nitrogen compounds increase. The chart cuts off at a dew point of -10 deg C (14 deg F), which is still drier than the air which will be found in almost any spa or jetted tub installation in the US. Decreasing Ozone Production Formation of Nitrogen Compounds Increasing

27. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Temperature Considerations with of Type II Generators The temperature of the ozone generating cell is controlled in Type I Generators. In Type II Generators, there is no mechanism to control the cell or plate temperature. Type II cell/plate temperatures easily reach 150 deg F (100 deg F is the standard limit). This is undesirable since the destruction of ozone accelerates as temperature increases, reducing outputs to negligible levels while the production of nitrogen compounds continues. The lack of temperature and humidity control results in Type II generators having erratic output, poor performance, and the production of toxic nitrogen compounds. Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge Sanitation*Oxidation

28. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Summary of Ozone Generation Performance Parameter UV Ozone SystemsType II CD Steady Output Produces Harmful Byproducts Produces Nitric Acid Impact of Increasing Humidity Impact of Increasing Temp High Voltage Power Consumption Open Arc Yes No None No Low No Yes Output Decreases Yes Low Yes NOTE: Prozone utilizes Type I Corona Discharge technology in its commercial grade equipment. Sanitation*Oxidation

29. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Sanitation*Oxidation What does it do? Oxidation Ozone reacts with bather loading and combined halogens Reduces contaminants to inert compounds or carbon dioxide and water Oxidizes Combined Halogens Precipitation Ozone removes metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, etc.) Oxidized organics also precipitate Filtration and clarification are enhanced by precipitation Sanitation/Disinfection Ozone is the most powerful disinfectant available Rapidly kills bacteria and viruses

30. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 What does it do? Destroys bacteria, viruses, and organisms Eliminates skin and eye irritations and hair damage Substantially reduces maintenance, time and cost Eliminates chlorine odor Reduces the need for chlorine Ozone Generators Sanitation*Oxidation

31. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations Vacuum Ultraviolet Units Lamp Life – Units are typically good for 15-20,000 hrs Ruggedness – Better units will not break easily Units will work on pools up to 1.5 million gallons Units are designed to oxidize water primarily, with disinfection as a secondary function Chlorine usage typically decreased anywhere from 40-60 percent Systems are easy to install, use and maintain

32. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ozone Generators Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations Corona Discharge Units Pool type systems provide excellent performance Systems should be run with an oxygen concentrator or regenerative air dryer Best for commercial type installations Increased complexity Easy to install, more difficult to maintain

33. Characteristics of Ozone Chlorine Ozone Oxidation Strength High High Disinfection Strength High High Kill TimeFast Fast StabilityVaries Generate On-Site Organism ResistanceYes No Major ByproductsChloramines, No Combined Chlorines Staining PotentialNo No SolubilityHigh High Stand AloneYes No pH DependentYes No Chlorine Shock EquivalentYes Yes Algicidal PropertiesHigh Medium Sanitation*Oxidation

34. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ionizers

35. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ionizers Sanitation*Oxidation Technology Copper and silver (or zinc) ions are introduced into the water by erosion feeders Or electrically with an anode/cathode system. Units can be installed in-line or in a bypass configuration with erosion types typically being installed in-line directly after the filter. Ionization systems provide sanitation (including action as an algaecide only).

36. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ionizers Sanitation*Oxidation Components Erosion Type: Housing with media Flow control Anode/Cathode Type: Power Source Electrode Chamber-Anode/Cathode, typically plated with same mixture of copper/silver. Silver is usually one to ten percent of the plating with copper comprising the balance Control-Typically an adjustable rheostat

37. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ionizers Sanitation*Oxidation What does it do? Systems introduce silver and copper ions into the water  Ions are atoms with a positive or negative charge  Positively charged ions are typically metals  Negatively charged ions are typically non-metals (ie chlorine) Silver acts as a disinfectant and is typically dosed at 50-100ppb Copper acts as an algaecide and is typically dosed at.2 -.5 ppm Copper and silver essentially poison cells by disrupting their metabolism Neither copper or silver act as an oxidant

38. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ionizers Sanitation*Oxidation What are the Advantages of an Ionizer? Copper is an effective algaecide Copper is very effective at killing mustard and green algae at levels of.5-1 ppm Systems are easy to install

39. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ionizers Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations Ionizers do not oxidize the water Chlorine residual and shocking still required (silver and zinc are slow acting relatively weak sanitizers) Ionizers using silver are incompatible with pools using bromide or biguanides Copper can cause staining  Copper concentration approaches 1ppm  High pH  Chlorine or others strong oxidizers present in main body of pool Testing limited to copper only (colorimetric type test)

40. Characteristics of Ionizers Chlorine Ionizers Oxidation Strength High None Disinfection Strength High Low Kill TimeFast Slow StabilityVaries 1 Stable Organism ResistanceYes 3 Yes Major ByproductsChloramines, Copper Sulfate, Combined Chlorines Silver Carbonate Staining PotentialNo Yes SolubilityHigh Low Stand AloneYes No pH DependentYes No Chlorine Shock EquivalentYes No Algicidal PropertiesHigh High Sanitation*Oxidation

41. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Systems

42. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Radiation Sanitation*Oxidation Technology Water is exposed to high intensity ultraviolet (UV) radiation in specialized chambers. The light is generated with specialized lamps that emit light in the range between 245 nm and 285 nm, the optimal kill range for microorganisms. Typically, the lamps will be classified as low or medium pressure. Units are also available that emit light in a high intensity pulsed manner.

43. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Radiation Sanitation*Oxidation Components Specialized UV lamp (s) Ballast  Reactive (Magnetic)  Electronic  Electronic ballast offer better life, produce less heat, and use less energy Reactor Vessel Additional Features  UV Sensors  Alarms  Automatic and Manual Cleaning Cycles

44. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Radiation Sanitation*Oxidation What does it do? Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of water is a sanitizing process Effectiveness is determined by UV dosage (D):  Intensity of Light (I)  Exposure Time (t)  D=I*t UV light damages the RNA and DNA within a microorganism Damaging the DNA/RNA inhibits cellular reproduction and sterilizes the organism

45. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Radiation Sanitation*Oxidation What are the Advantages of UV Radiation? Efficient at inactivating vegetative and sporous forms of bacteria viruses and other microorganisms which pose a hazard in pools  Fairly low dosages required  Cryptosporidium requires much higher dosages Effectiveness is not limited by pH, temperature, or alkalinity Does not produce and harmful byproducts Fairly easy installation

46. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Radiation Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations UV does not provide any residual sanitation Effectiveness of system can be inhibited by:  Development of films on the lamps (Quartz fouling)  Dissolved organics (bather load)  Clumping of microorganisms  Lack of or a poor cleaning mechanism  Suspended solids  Poor water clarity  Poor reactor design Chlorine reduction is low and the devices do not reduce the irritating aspects of chlorination

47. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Radiation Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations Shocking and chlorine residual required Lamp output may degrade over the life of the unit Cleaning process may be fairly involved Difficult to monitor intensity of UV radiation reliably

48. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Ultraviolet Radiation Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations UV has two special considerations which can potentially impact performance: Dark Repair Mechanism – Organisms repair the the damage from UV and become viable Photoreactivation -Some organisms (coliform indicators, Shigella) can repair the damage from UV radiation and become viable again (viruses and many bacteria cannot) after re-exposure to sunlight Extent that these mechanisms are an issue is still an open question

49. Characteristics of Ultraviolet Radiation Chlorine UV Oxidation Strength High None Disinfection Strength High Moderate-High Kill TimeFast Moderate-Fast StabilityVaries Generate On-Site Organism ResistanceYes Yes Major ByproductsChloramines, No Combined Chlorines Staining PotentialNo No SolubilityHigh N/A Stand AloneYes No pH DependentYes No Chlorine Shock EquivalentYes No Algicidal PropertiesHigh Medium Sanitation*Oxidation

50. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Biguanides

51. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Biguanides Sanitation*Oxidation Technology Biguanide is a polymeric liquid based disinfectant that is normally combined with an algaecide, oxidizer, and shock compounds. The liquid mixture is typically, there is a weekly routine and monthly routine to follow.

52. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Biguanides Sanitation*Oxidation What does it do? Kills microorganisms Kills algae (with an algicidal additive) Oxidizes bather load (when an oxidizer is added)

53. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Biguanides Sanitation*Oxidation What are the Advantages of Biguanides? Easy to use Stable in water Relatively good performance

54. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Biguanides Sanitation*Oxidation Operational Considerations Requires multiple chemicals to actually treat the pool System does not provide the equivalent of a chlorine shock The most common oxidizer provided, hydrogen peroxide, is hazardous to handle Can cause foaming and scum rings

55. Characteristics of Biguanides Chlorine Biguanides Oxidation Strength High None Disinfection Strength High Moderate Kill TimeFast Moderate StabilityVaries Stable Organism ResistanceYes Yes Major ByproductsChloramines, None Combined Chlorines Staining PotentialNo Yes SolubilityHigh High Stand AloneYes No pH DependentYes Yes Chlorine Shock EquivalentYes No Algicidal PropertiesHigh Medium Sanitation*Oxidation

56. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Summary of Properties

57. Pool Water Treatment Requirements Chlorine Ozone UV Ionizers Biguanides Oxidation Strength High High None None None Disinfection Strength High High Moderate-High Low Moderate Kill TimeFast Fast Moderate-Fast Slow Moderate StabilityVaries 1 Generate Generate Stable 2 Stable On-Site On-Site Organism ResistanceYes 3 No Yes Yes Yes Major ByproductsChloramines, No No Copper Sulfate 4, None Combined Chlorines Silver Carbonate Staining PotentialNo No No Yes 5 Yes SolubilityHigh High N/A Low High Stand AloneYes No No No No pH DependentYes No No No 6 Yes Chlorine Shock EquivalentYes Yes No No 7 No 7 Algicidal PropertiesHigh Medium Medium High Moderate Notes: Stability varies depending on the type of chlorine used. In general, calcium hypochlorite is the least stable form of chlorine (except chlorine dioxide) followed by sodium hypochlorite and the stabilized chlorines Silver may precipitate with recommended levels of carbonate. Copper ions tend to precipitate and the presence of chlorine can precipitate copper oxides. Ozone ruptures cell wall. Other treatments interrupt cellular metabolism which allows resistance to develop. Copper sulfate can cause sever staining. Copper may cause bluing of pool surface when copper ion precipitates or black staining when strong oxidzers are present. Staining potential increases in alkaline conditions Hydrogen peroxide is normally used as an oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide does nor provide equivalent of breakpoint chlorination.

58. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 Combining Systems

59. Selection Criteria for Combining Systems Systems should provide Oxidation and Disinfection Capabilities  Remember, disinfection is relatively easy  The majority of work is done with oxidation Combined systems should compliment each other  Doubling-up on a function is generally not necessary  If you have a disinfectant, an oxidizer should be used as a compliment and vice versa Provides residual disinfection Reduces or eliminates negative characteristics of chlorine Reduces Cost Improves Pool Water Quality

60. Typical Combinations SystemsNotes Ozone-Chlorine Reduces chlorine consumption, greatly improves water quality Ozone-Salt Chlorine Same as above, allows reduced salt concentrations Ionizer-ChlorineBetter control of algae UV-ChlorineSmall reduction in chlorine consumption Biguanide-OxidizerNo chlorine, does not provide equivalent of breakpoint chlorination for removal of ammonia