1. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th Chapter 17 Corrections for Juveniles

2. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th Corrections for Juveniles  The Problem of Youth Crime  History of Juvenile Corrections Juvenile Corrections: English Antecedents Juvenile Corrections in the United States  Why Treat juveniles and Adults Differently? Differences between Adults and juveniles, in Perspective  The Problem of Serious Delinquency  Sanctioning juvenile Offenders Overview of Juvenile Justice System Disposition of Juvenile Offenders

3. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th “parens patriae”  the “parent of the country”; the role of the state as guardian and protector of all people (particularly juveniles) who are unable to protect themselves

4. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th Evolution of juvenile justice in America, 1600s - 2000 Crime Control 1980 - 2007 victim emphasis punishment of serious offenders waive serious cases Juvenile Rights 1960 - 1980 In re Gault, 1967 JJ & Del. Prev. Act, 1974 deinstitutionalize status offenders legalization of juv. law Juvenile Court 1899 - 1960 Ill. Juv. Crt, 1899 separate legal system for juv’s child as “legally irresponsible” Refuge Period 1824 - 1899 NY House of Refuge, 1825 for delinquent & dependent children child as “helpless” Puritan Period 1646 - 1824 Mass. Stubborn Child Law, 1646 child as “evil”

5. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th Julian W. Mack  Julian W. Mack (1866-1943) One of the foremost innovators in juvenile justice, Mack presided over Chicago’s juvenile court from 1904 to 1907. He believed that the proper work of the court depended on the judge, supported by probation officers, caseworkers, and psychologists. He sought as much as possible to avoid using reformatories and tried to bring the expertise of social service professionals to the courts.

6. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th hallmarks of juvenile court  informality not hindered by legalities of “due process” judges ran sessions as conversations exploring needs of child  individualization each child is unique and has unique circumstances, problems, and needs  intervention aim not to punish, but to help child become law-abiding identify and solve problems; provide treatment

7. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th “delinquent”“delinquent”  a child who has committed an act which, if committed by an adult, would be criminal

8. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th “neglected”“neglected”  a child who is not receiving proper care because of some action or inaction of his or her parents

9. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th “dependent”“dependent”  a child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents are unable to give proper care

10. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th “In Re: Gault”  watershed Supreme Court case granting “essential” due process rights to juveniles facing adjudication by juvenile court  notice  hearing  counsel  cross-examination

11. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th why treat juveniles differently  juveniles are young and may easily change more susceptible to treatment  juveniles have a high rate of ‘desistance’ most never get in trouble again  juveniles’ families important to their lives state acts in partnership w/ family to treat child  juveniles are easily influenced by peers juvenile crime is a group phenomenon removed from the group, child will behave  juveniles have little responsibility for others easier to get them to isolate & modify behavior

12. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th Female Offense proportion

13. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th Juvenile Delinquents in Public Custodial Facilities

14. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th Characteristics of Youth Who Belong to a Gang

15. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th % arrests involving juveniles by crime

16. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th high risk juvenile offenders factors of concern  persistent behavior problems in elementary school years  onset of delinquency, aggression, drug use between 6 & 11  antisocial parents  antisocial peers, poor school attendance, impulsivity, weak social ties between 12-14  membership in delinquent gangs  drug dealing

17. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8 th juvenile offender dispositions  waiver (to adult court)  diversion  correctional programs  detention  juvenile probation  working in the school  intermediate sanctions  juvenile community corrections  juvenile incarceration  juvenile aftercare