1. Ancient Rome

2. Do you believe in Myths?

3. Early Rome and the Republic

4.  A Land of Geographic Differences  Italy: “boot shaped” peninsula  Alps mountains, Mediterranean Sea, islands, rivers  Climate and Agriculture  cold to subtropical  poorly suited for agriculture  grapes & olives  location helped sea trade

5.  Influences on Early Rome  Legend  twin brothers Romulus & Remus founded Rome  Earliest :Latin people (farmers and herders)  Etruscans (central Italy)  Established many City-states  Alphabet, architecture, builders, and artists  Adopt many elements of the Greek culture

6.  REPUBLIC – (property of the people)  a government in which much of the power is held by elected representative;  voters chose people to represent them  based on tradition, not a written constitution  Consuls  two people elected each year,  proposed laws,  led army,  one had VETO power over the other  to stop the passage of a law

7.  SENATE – PATRICIANS  descendants of founding families of Rome, upper class, ran government  TRIBUNES –  (elected by the plebeian)  attend meetings of the assembly; forced patricians to publish written laws  PLEBEIANS – commoners, controlled tribal assembly, made up the military  MAGISTRATES – government official  1 year terms

8.  Patriarchal society  Oldest male head of family  Owners of slaves  Women could  Own property  Influenced Government decisions

9.  Similar to Greek Gods  Jupiter king of god  Juno wife of Jupiter (protector of marriage)  Minerva daughter (protector of wisdom)  Neptune (god of the sea)

10. Problems in the Late Republic  gap between rich & poor widened  enslaved captives began to outnumber free people

12. From Republic to Empire

13.  Major Changes for Rome  107 BC Marius named consul & re-elected many times, brought reform  LEGIONS – chief fighting unit of Roman Army, 5,000 soldiers  rewarded his soldiers with money & land  Loyal to their military leaders instead of to the government overall

14.  TRIUMVERATE, group of 3 leaders  First Triumvirate; (60 BC)  Generals Pompey and Crassus allied with Julius Caesar  Crassus killed in 53 BC Pompey and Caesar became rivals  Caesar’s goal: conquer Gaul (France),  Pompey tried to take over Rome  49 BC Caesar returned to Rome  Pompey fled to Greece where Caesar defeated him

15.  voted Caesar dictator for life  Created more jobs+ granted citizenships  Julian Calendar – July named after him  March 15, 44bc// now known as Ides of March Brutus and Cassius, 2 senators,  assassinated Caesar,

16. The Augustan (the first citizen)  Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew) & Mark Anthony joined forces to defeat Brutus & Cassius  31 BC Octavian defeated Mark Anthony & Queen Cleopatra of Egypt  27 BC given title by Senate: Augustus, meaning “revered”  Pax Romana – period of peace in Roman world under Augustus  made tax system more fair, set up census, supported building campaign

17. Rome under Augustus was its Golden Age  roads kept safe from thieves by army  pirates chased from sea trade routes  more trade between Rome, India, & China  architecture, town planning, temples & other buildings were built

19. The Empire Declines

20.  Sharp division (rich & poor)  Leisure Time  entertainment was free  comedies and dramas in theatres  chariot races at Circus Maximus  Coliseum – could hold 45,000 people, fighting between wild animals & humans, or 2 gladiators (trained fighter, slaves, or condemned criminals)

22.  Emperor had some Wealthy man Murdered and took their wealth  INFLATION – steep rise in prices  Reduces people’s purchasing power  Ruler became more brutal  Power of army increased

23.  The Role of the Army  20+ rulers in 50 years  ruled poorly  lead in making & breaking emperors  failed to protects its borders  Assassination of Rulers

24.  Divide the leadership 2 (co-leader)  Then into 4 --chief assistants (deputy) Tetrarchy –Responsibilities shared by 4 individuals  Split empire into the eastern and western half each charge of their own half  Doubled the side of the army (1/2 million)  Revised tax structure/ fixed prices for goods  He retired (abdication- voluntary resignation)

26.  A capable ruler/ Brilliant military leader  Favored Christianity  Saw Vision of a cross over the battle field  In this sign you will conquer  Edict of Milan: freedom to worship under his control.  Became the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire

27.  United The Easter and Western co-empires  Set up a new tax system  Founding of Constantinople (capital)  Today Istanbul  Rome fall—476 A.D.

28. POLITICAL CAUSES ECONOMIC CAUSES  Harsh government  Corrupt officials  Divided empires in the east and west  Internal political struggles  Heavy taxes  Dec line of population  Decline of empire’s wealth

29. MILITARY CAUSES SOCIAL CAUSES  Foreign invasions  Weak borders protection  Self-interested upper class  Loss of traditional values  Lack of patriotism

31. The development of Christianity

32.  Romans worshiped many Gods  People could worship their own God as long as they showed loyalty for Roman Gods (distant regions)  Jews who lived in Judaea rebelled

33.  Jesus  Son of God, worship of God,  10 commandments, Crucifixion  Pontius Pilate  Found Jesus guilty of criminal actions  Nailed to a cross left to die

34.  12 Apostles to spread Jesus teaching  Jesus = Jesus Christ= Christianity  Renouncing Evil by Baptism.

35.  The Roman Bishop becomes the Pope  The leader of the Roman Catholic Church  Missionaries spread the word world wide

36. Recap of Rome video 17 minutes