1. SOVIET UNION/RUSSIA Becca Rowen Faye Clever Hakum Lartey

2. BEGINNING SITUATION -Tsar Nicholas I ruled until 1855. During his rule, industrial development slowed dramatically due to his fear of the spread of literacy and modern education, especially after the Decembrist revolt. -1853-1856: Crimean War -Russia had long been influenced by the Orthodox Church in Constantinople and considered itself the "Third Rome." The Ottomans had signed a treaty with Russia stating that all Ottoman Orthodox Christians would be under Russian protection. However, the Ottoman Empire named France the Protector of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which went against Russia's desires. -Humiliation of the Crimean War drove Alexander II's reforms. -In the 1800s, Russia's rapid southward expansion threatened British control over India, leading to a standoff in Afghanistan.

3. BEGINNING SITUATION (CONT) -After the rule of Nicholar I, many intellectual ideas spread. Ideas of Westernizers and Slavophiles conflicted and after the Crimean War, Slavophile tendency gave rise to Pan- Slavism. Universities appeared in Moscow, and provincial cities, like Kharkov and Kazan. Student clubs and Masonic lodges became places for discussing new ideas, and recognition of Russian scholars and scientists for their contributions of European thought attracted young men to join scholarly careers. -Serfs were emancipated in 1861. -Russia belonged to two different spheres of development. First, it became a recognized force in European politics at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Second, it was similar to the Ottoman Empire in that both empires introduced reforms and new ideas, and in that both were more to European countries.

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5. CHANGE #1 Russia was weakened by the forces of Nationalism Evidence:  1. Nationalism had the strongest negative influence in south central Europe  2. Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861 in an attempt to unify the country, which was divided by classes.  3. People identified more with their ethnic groups rather than the country itself. The people had nationalism towards groups within the country, which divided, and in return, weakened the country. Historical Context: The population was more divided in Russia than in countries such as Germany, France, and Britain, which gained strength through nationalism.

6. CHANGE #2 Russia became the Soviet Union Evidence:  1. The Russian Revolution began in 1917  2. Civil war broke out in Russia in 1918  3. In 1922 Ukraine merged with Russia to form the Soviet Union Historical Context: At this time in history (1923), Germany was on the brink of its own civil war due to inflation.

7. CONTINUITY #1 Russian Nationalism: Hostility with Western Europe. Evidence: Crimean wars. efforts of Western Europe to prevent Russian expansion. Russia's Asian influenced culture slightly differs from that of the rest of Europe. The idea of communism.

8. CONTIUITY #2 Ethnic diversity weakened imperial Russia: Russian civil wars. (example)Slavic-speaking minorities were discriminated against and failed to gain political allegiance. Russia spreading culture and interfering with foreign customs.

9. END SITUATION -The Cold War -The Cold War rose both from the hostility between Russia and Europe/the United States because of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and from the Russian losses after World War II. -In 1955, Russia created the Warsaw Pact, which was the Soviet Union's own military alliance as a strategic counterweight to NATO. -The UN was often the location of confrontational debate. -There were also problems with the struggle between communism (Russia and eastern Europe) and capitalism (the United States and western Europe)

10. END SITUATION (CONT) -Race for Nuclear Supremacy -Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 -Russia exploded its first nuclear device in 1949. -In 1952, the US claimed a new advantage when it exploded a more powerful hydrogen bomb, but the Soviet Union followed suit less than a year later. -There were lots of threats between the United States and Russia. -Space Exploration

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12. SOURCES Works Cited Bulliet, Richard W. The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. Print. Emmerson, Kent. "Map of Asia." Map Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2015. "Mansouled Fiery Islands." : The Great Game in Asia, 19th Century Vrsion. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2015.