2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

3. Regents Biology 1. Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds A. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology  Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom. 1. Protons are positively charged particles. 2. Neutrons are particles that have no charge.

4. Regents Biology 3. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus. Chemistry in Biology 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Chapter 6

5. Regents Biology 2. Elements Chemistry in Biology  An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.  There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.  Each element has a unique name and symbol. 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

6. Regents Biology The Periodic Table of Elements Chemistry in Biology  Horizontal rows are called periods.  Vertical columns are called groups. 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

7. Regents Biology  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) 3. Elements of Life

8. Regents Biology What is a Molecule Covalent bonds hold 2 or more atoms together to form a molecule. A. Important Molecules  H 2 O Water  O 2 Oxygen  CO 2 Carbon Dioxide  C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose

9. Regents Biology Why do elements form molecules. 1. To fill their outer shell with electrons. 2. This is called bonding. 3. Two types of bonding a. covalent = Sharing b. ionic = Transferring 4. Molecules are formed by covalent bonding.

10. Regents Biology 4. Macro-molecules of Life A. Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms B. What are bodies made of? 1. carbohydrates  sugars & starches 2. proteins 3. fats (lipids) 4. nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

11. Regents Biology 2006-2007 How do we make these molecules? We build them!

12. Regents Biology Why do we eat?  We eat to take in more of these chemicals  Food for building materials  to make more of us (cells)  for growth  for repair  Food to make energy  calories  to make ATP ATP

13. Regents Biology What do we need to eat?  Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy  for building & running bodies  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids  vitamins  minerals, salts  water

14. Regents Biology  What do all macromolecules have in common? C. They all contain Carbon 1. Has 4 valence electrons 2. Forms many types of covalent bonds. 3. Forms the backbone of all macromolecules

15. Regents Biology

16. 2. They are all polymers  A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers What do all macromolecules have in common? What is a polymer? 3. They are all assembled by a Dehydration reaction (Condensation). What is a monomer?

17. Regents Biology (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HOH 1 2 3 H 1 23 4 H H2OH2O Short polymer Unlinked monomer Longer polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Figure5.2A Dehydration Reaction (Condensation) Water Making How are polymers assembled?

18. Regents Biology  Polymers are disassembled by  Hydrolysis (water Breaking) (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer HO 1 2 3 H H 1 2 3 4 H2OH2O H Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Figure 5.2B How are polymers taken apart?

19. Regents Biology Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules  building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules  polymers

20. Regents Biology  Small molecules = building blocks (Monomers)  Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules

21. Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars(saccharides) Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

22. Regents Biology How to build large molecules  Synthesis (Dehydration)  building bigger molecules from smaller molecules  building cells & bodies  repair  growth  reproduction + ATP

23. Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

24. Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart  Digestion (Hydrolysis)  taking big molecules apart  getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth  making energy (ATP)  for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

25. Regents Biology Example of digestion starchglucose ATP  Starch is digested to glucose

26. Regents Biology Penguins gone bad! Any Questions?

27. Regents Biology Old Food Pyramid

28. Regents Biology New Food Pyramid

29. Regents Biology  Water  65% of your body is H 2 O  water is inorganic  doesn’t contain carbon  Rest of you is made of carbon molecules  organic molecules  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids Don’t forget water