1. 19 th c. China

2. Theme: Qing (1644-1911) in decline Western encroachment internal dissent Manchuria

3. Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60) Who participated? What was the cause? What was the outcome?

5. French cartoon, late 1890s While a Mandarin official helplessly looks on, "China" as a pie is about to be "carved up" by: - Queen Victoria (GB) - Wilhelm II (Germany) - Nicholas II (Russia) - Marieanne (France) - Meiji Emperor (Japan)

6. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Causes: – Hong’s vision – Poverty of peasants – Poor gov’t: high taxes, poor gov’t services Goal: Overthrow the Manchus Outcome: rebellion crushed

7. Empress Dowager Ci Xi, regent 1861-1908

8. Leader: Hong Xiuquan A middle class Hakka Chinese Failed competitive test to enter the civil service for a 3 rd time in 1836 Had a nervous breakdown accompanied by visions

9. Vision I An old man tells Hong that men are worshipping demons instead of him. Hong believes this is God the Father

10. Vision II He sees Confucius being tortured for his lack of faith in God.

11. Vision III Hong is carried to Heaven by angels. A man with a long golden beard in black robe embroidered with dragons gives him a sword and a magic seal and tells him to purify China of demons. He believes this was his older brother Jesus. His family claims that after this he became taller and filled with authority.

12. Vision IV An old woman washes the filth of the world from his body. A group of old men remove his internal organs and replace them with new heavenly organs.

13. The God Worshippers Converts many of the poor Hakka charcoal burners in Guangxi He and his growing cult engage in iconoclasm throughout the region He translates the Bible and gains more followers By 1850 he has over 30,000 followers and war begins.

14. Reforms of the “Heavenly Kingdom” Women equal to men (no foot binding; women can serve in govt & army) Property held in common No opium, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy, gambling, prostitution

15. At their height Taipings control ¼ China, 600 major cities Huge armies threaten to end the Qing Dynasty

16. Events of the 1800s 1839-42, 1856-60Opium Wars 1842Treaty of Nanjing 1858/1860Treaties of Tianjin 1850-1864Taiping Rebellion 1878Ci Xi becomes regent for nephew Guangxu 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War ↓ Spheres of Influence 1898Hundred Days of Reform 1899US Open Door Policy

17. Events of the early 1900s 1900Boxer Rebellion 1905Commission to study constitution formed 1905Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary Alliance “Three People’s Principles” of: 1.Nationalism – free China from foreign domination 2.Democracy – representative government 3.People’s Livelihood – economic security for all Chinese 1908Deaths of Cixi and Guangxu  “last emperor” (Henry Puyi) was an infant 1911Revolution overthrows Qing & established republic