1. + The Carolingian Government

2. + Who has the power? Pope or Emperor? The Imperial crowning created a conflict over who could grant imperial power. A cult developed around the emperor that played a vital role in preserving the emperor’s power. Charlemagne was the new David, the new Augustus, and the new Constantine.

6. + "No other figure in the whole of Western history has been more transformed in the popular imagination. More than a thousand partially or wholly spurious stories were added to the canon of his exploits. The Charlemagne legend became a veritable portemanteau into which chroniclers, troubadours, chruchmen and kings stuffed whatever ideological baggage they needed for their own purposes. Pilgrim, crusader, Christian warrior, chivalrous knight, pattern of perfect monarchy, moral exemplar, scholar prince, ancestor claimed by rival dynasts, protector of the Church, saint - in hindsight, Charles, son of Pepin, became all these things. Every age invents its own heroes by mixing truth and fiction. Britain has, among others, King Arthur, Robin Hood and Francis Drake, champions around whom a multitude of legends have gathered and been celebrated in prose, verse, song and film. But no other national hero in any European country approaches the stature achieved by Charlemagne in popular imagination. He became for later ages an all- purpose, charismatic figure, an amalgam of everything a Christian king should be, an example of whatever, from time to time, was esteemed by the prevailing political correctness."

7. + Administering the Empire The emperor was the head of a small group of officials Chaplain: head of palace clergy, supervised the chancery (or secretariat where official docs were written) The Chief Lay official (count of the palace) supervised admin, judges cases, acted as regent when emperor gone Chamberlain: looked after royal bedroom and treasury Seneschal: in charge of food and servants Constable: horses Count: leader of the county

8. + How did Charlemagne maintain control over his officials? 1. He traveled to solve problems himself and left someone at home with the power to control. 2. Missi Dominici: emperor’s emissaries who did traveling inspections 3.Important men attended a general assembly every year 4. These chapters of men( capitula) created capitularies (informative records)

9. + Currency Standardized weights, measurements, and money Money was based on a single coin denarius (penny), 12 of these made a solidus (shilling), 20 shillings= pound British money?

10. + The Carolingian Renaissance

11. + What Started it? 1. Different styles of writing (national hands) developed. This lead to people not recognizing text, priests not being able to perform the liturgy, and variations in religious rituals. 2. There was a widespread decline in education. 3. The two points mentioned above weakened both the Church and state.

12. + Carolingian Miniscule Developed by monks at the monasteries of Corbia and Tours in 800. “book hand” using lowercase letters They used capitals for the beginning of sentences and then lowercase for the rest of the text. Does this sound familiar? Benefits? Easier to read, more letters on a page, books could be produced for less

13. Miniscule vs. Majascule

15. + Medieval Latin Developed as a common scholarly language Was flexible, more open in its vocabulary, and coined new words for the age Was understood throughout all of Europe Helped promote European unity even as vernacular tongues developed

16. + Standardization of Texts 1. Standardized the Litrugy 2. Alcuin of York (Saxon scholar) standardized a new Western Bible 3. Standardized the practices of monks based on Benedictine Rule

18. + Alcuin of York King Charles the Great, known often as Charlemagne (768-814), recognized in Alcuin a scholar who could help him to achieve a renaissance of learning and reform of the Church. At the king's invitation, Alcuin joined the royal court in 781, and became one of Charlemagne's chief advisers on religious and educational matters. Alcuin was made head of the palace school at Aachen, which was attended by members of the royal court and the sons of noble families At Charlemagne's court he acted almost as an English ambassador. Alcuin was not himself a great or innovative thinker, but he was a superb teacher and scholar. He had the ability to guide others through what he saw as 'golden whirlpools of spiritual meaning'

19. + Schools and Curriculum Charlemagne ordered all bishops and monasteries to establish schools to educate boys He set the standard by establishing a palace school The curriculum was set by Alcuin and was based on the 7 liberal arts. Trivium: verbal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic) Quadrivium: mathematical arts (arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, music) In the 12 century this would become the standard program for a bachelor of arts in universities.

20. + Court Scholars Charlemagne brought scholars from around the world to discuss major intellectual issues. They formed an academy. Charlemagne-David Alcuin- Horace They did not come up with anything new but they brought intellectual growth back into Europe.