1. Chapter 8 Anglo American Colonization of Texas 1800-1830

3. OBJECTIVES Describe the filibuster era of Texas history. Analyze the effectiveness of the filibusters in Texas. Identify the contributions of the filibusters inTexas. 1 Jane Long was one of the first Anglo American women to settle in Texas. She was known as “Mother Texas” Photo from: www.lsjunction.com/ people/long.htm

4. Religious Leaders Colonists Pirates Revolutionaries U.S. Officials Spanish Officials Filibusters Empresarios Accomplishments/ challenges GoalsWho

5. “G.T.T.” In the early 1800s, so many people left their homes in the United States and headed to Texas. Signs that read, “G.T.T.” (Gone To Texas) started popping up everywhere. Settlers came to Texas from a variety of places. They traveled along various routes. If you are a native Texan, your ancestors may have come to Texas during this period. GTT

6. Americans Move West After the United States gained its freedom from Great Britain in 1783, Anglo Americans began searching for new areas to settle. Some Americans ventured across the Mississippi River. They dreamed of new homes in the West. Anglo Americans – People whose ancestors moved from one of many European countries to the United States and who now share a common culture and language.

7. They were attracted to the plentiful and inexpensive land. They were seeking adventure and personal gain. They sought escape from problems in the United States. Why were settlers coming to Texas? www.txlandandcountry.com/ browne/browne03.jpg

8. Authorities in New Spain wanted to stop the U.S. government from claiming land west of the Mississippi River. New Spain was afraid that if Americans came West, they would outnumber the Spaniards and take over. Americans Move West

9. Imagine you are a United States citizen after the American Revolution. You dream of moving out West, but the western territories are controlled by Spain. If you decide to move, you must agree to become a Catholic citizen of Spain. Would you give up your American citizenship or stay where you are? Why?

10. http://lewisandclarktrail.com/legacy/jefflt1.jpg UNITED STATES NEW SPAIN

11. Spain Controls Immigration Initially, Spain tried to control the movement of American immigrants by allowing Anglo Americans to settle in Missouri on generous land grants IF they agreed to: –1. pledge their loyalty to the Spanish government –2. become Catholics (many were not) Immigrants – a person who comes to a country to settle

12. By making the settlers agree to the two conditions, Spain hoped: – to populate the area to extend Spanish rule and – the new settlers would help prevent other Anglo Americans from entering the territory illegally. Spain Controls Immigration

13. Under this plan, George Morgan became the first empresario to recruit settlers from the U.S. and be responsible to Spanish authorities for them. Spain Controls Immigration empresario – an agent who makes all arrangements to bring settlers to a colony recruit – to persuade someone to join a group In 1787, Morgan founded New Madrid, which is now Missouri.

14. Founded New Madrid Served as an example for other empresarios ( George Morgan) Brought settlers from the US to Texas Empresario ACCOMPLISHMENTSGOAL(S) WHO

15. Philip Nolan in Texas Not all settlers agreed to the conditions of the Spanish government. A group of Texas settlers known as filibusters threatened Spanish rule. The first filibuster to arrive in Texas was Philip Nolan. users.ev1.net/ ~gpmoran/chap1a.htm filibuster - an adventurer who engages in a private rebellious activity in a foreign country

16. Spain suspected the filibusters as plotting to seize control of Texas. In the late 1700s, Nolan led men into Texas to capture wild horses and then sold them for a profit in the United States. At first Nolan had permission from Spain to capture and sell these horses. Then, Spanish authorities got suspicious of Nolan when they saw him meeting with General James Wilkinson, the U.S. Army commander on the frontier. Philip Nolan in Texas http://library.thinkquest.org/19689/data/multiframe.html

17. Spain thought that Nolan was plotting with Wilkinson to take Texas from Spain. Spain told Nolan he was not to return to Spanish lands or be arrested. Nolan ignored the warning and arrived, with 17 men, near Waco in 1801. A fight broke out and Nolan was killed. The Spanish soldiers captured Nolan’s party and took them to a Mexican prison. Philip Nolan in Texas

18. http://lewisandclarktrail.com/legacy/jefflt1.jpg UNITED STATES NEW SPAIN

19. Made Spanish authorities suspicious by visiting with General Wilkinson Magee and Lara organized a republic of the north (Philip Nolan) To capture wild horses to sell in the United States Free New Spain from Spanish Control Filibusters Empresarios Accomplishments/ challenges GoalsWho

20. Neutral Ground Agreement In 1800 Spain lost control of its northern territory when Napoleon Bonaparte claimed the region for France. The United States purchased this land in 1803 from the French as part of the “Louisiana Purchase”.

21. www.nps.gov/.../ LouisianaPurchaseLargeMap.htm BEFORE THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE:

22. http://lewisandclarktrail.com/legacy/jefflt1.jpg

23. LOUISIANA PURCHASE “The Louisiana Territory, purchased for less than 5 cents an acre, was one of Thomas Jefferson's greatest contributions to his country. Louisiana doubled the size of the United States literally overnight, without a war or the loss of a single American life, and set a precedent for the purchase of territory. It opened the way for the eventual expansion of the United States across the continent to the Pacific, and its consequent rise to the status of world power. International affairs in the Caribbean and Napoleon's hunger for cash to support his war efforts were the background for a glorious achievement of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, new lands and new opportunities for the nation.” text from www.nps.gov/.../ LouisianaPurchaseLargeMap.htmwww.nps.gov/.../ LouisianaPurchaseLargeMap.htm photo from: www.bolandtta.com/ Thomas%20Jefferson.jpg

24. Louisiana Purchase Contd.

25. Purchase took place on April 30 th 1803 approximately 530 million acres added to the United States Cost was 15 million dollars (less than 5 cents per acre) Doubles the size of the United States virtually over night. Not a drop of American blood spilled. So why did Napoleon sell the territory? He was getting ready to invade Britain in Europe and needed the money even though his advisors were against the sale.

26. The Sabine River separated the United States and Spanish Texas. Both country tried to move the border to their advantage. In 1806, General Wilkinson and General Simon Herrera, the commander of Spanish Texas, reached a compromise. Neutral Ground Agreement Compromise – mutual agreement in which each side gives up something it wants in order to reach a settlement

28. The compromise: They created a neutral zone between the Arroyo Hondo and the Sabine River. Both countries agreed not to try to control the area or patrol the area with their troops. This area then became a place where lawless citizens of both sides to live. Eventually, Spain agreed to let the U.S. Army to enter the area and arrest any lawbreakers. (Lieutenant Augustus Magee led the patrol.) Neutral Ground Agreement

29. THE NEUTRAL GROUND

30. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition Magee resigned from the US Army. (He was helping patrol the neutral land.) Magee met up with Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara. Continuing the filibuster movement, Gutierrez and Magee organized the Republic of the north. republic – a nation or state in which people elect representatives to govern them

31. Gutierrez de Lara and Magee organized an army made up of: –Tejanos (a person of Mexican descent living in Texas) –Native Texans –Anglo Americans –Other volunteers Gutierrez-Magee Expedition Lara and Magee wanted to recruit settlers to come to Texas.

32. To make Texas independent of Spain Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

33. Revolutionaries and Pirates in Texas After the Gutierrez-Magee expeditions, Texas became the home of others who tried to weaken Spain’s hold.

34. Francisco Xavier Mina and Henry Perry, who had been in the Gutierrez-Magee expedition, organized a band of revolutionaries on Galveston Island. A French pirate, Louis Michel Aury, agreed to help Mina and Perry. The group wanted to attack Spanish ships but were unsuccessful. Revolutionaries and Pirates in Texas

35. While Aury was gone, another pirate, Jean Lafitte, set up his headquarters in Galveston. Lafitte continued pirating at Galveston. Lafitte founded the settlement of Campeachy. Although Lafitte claimed to be helping Mexico win its independence, his REAL GOAL was taking Spanish treasure! The U.S. Navy drove Lafitte away from Texas when he began raiding U.S. ships!

36. The Adams-Onis Treaty Spain totally ceded Florida to the United States. (ceded – to surrender by treaty or agreement) The United States agreed that the Sabine River would separate the United States and Spanish territory. The US was not to move west of this river but many did anyway. (They were trying to take Texas away from Spain.)

37. The Long Expedition In 1819, Dr. James Long led a group from Natchez, Mississippi, to Nacogdoches. Long declared Texas independent from Spain. Long established posts on the Brazos and Trinity Rivers.

38. Long went to Galveston Island to ask from Jean Lafitte’s help. Lafitte refused to help because he said Long needed a BIG, TRAINED ARMY to help make Texas totally independent from Spain. Long got supporters together but was forced to surrender to Spanish troops in La Bahia. The Long Expedition www.kiefer-rocks.com/ photos/seasonone.htm

39. The Long Expedition Long was sent to Mexico City and was shot by a prison guard. Long was the LAST MAJOR FILIBUSTER in Texas. Long’s wife (Jane) ended up living in Texas and becoming a prominent pioneer woman. Photo from: www.lsjunction.com/ people/long.htm

40. Filibusters As a whole, filibusters failed to make any part of Texas free from Spain. Filibusters did, however, encourage many Americans to move to Texas.

41. MAIN IDEA Although conflict existed between Spain and the United States, many Americans moved west into Spanish Texas. The actions of these filibusters served as an example to later colonists. WHY IT MATTERS NOW Much of the language, culture, and government of Texas today came from its Anglo American settlers. 1

42. www.yale.edu/yup/ images/0300076835.jpg

43. OBJECTIVES Identify the contributions of Moses Austin to the colonization of Texas. Identify the contributions of Stephen F. Austin to the colonization of Texas. Explain the major change that took place in Texas during 1821. 2

44. MOSES AUSTIN BEGINS COLONIZATION IN TEXAS Moses Austin was from Connecticut. Austin was interested in lead mining. After hearing about George Morgan’s colony in current-day Missouri, Moses Austin moved there to operate a lead mine. www.dallashistory.org/.../ texas/colonization.htm

45. Initially things went well for Austin until he lost his fortune and was deep in debt. He decided that helping colonists locate in Texas was a good way to make money and pay off his debt. MOSES AUSTIN BEGINS COLONIZATION IN TEXAS

46. He wanted to bring 300 US families to Texas. Moses Austin presented a petition to the Spanish government. (petition – formal written request) Thinking the Spanish government was going to say, “no”, Austin prepared to leave Texas. (The Spanish government was skeptical because of the filibusters who had attempted to seize/take over Spanish lands.) MOSES AUSTIN BEGINS COLONIZATION IN TEXAS

47. www.dallashistory.org/.../ texas/colonization.htm Believing his petition was going to be approved, Moses Austin headed east to start recruiting colonists for Texas. He became ill and was dying when he learned that his petition was officially approved by the Spanish officials. On his deathbed, Austin asked his son, Stephen F. Austin, to carry out his dream of colonizing Texas.

48. At 27, Stephen F. Austin put aside his plans on practicing law and went to Texas to fulfill his father’s wishes. Austin’s first visited San Antonio de Bexar and met with Governor Martinez. Governor Martinez appointed Erasmo Seguin (a well-known and respected citizen) to help Austin. photo at www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ people/a_c/austin.htm

49. Austin’s first job was to choose a site for his colony. He chose the area between Lavaca and San Jacinto Rivers. –area easy for settlers to clear –received enough rainfall for crops –area good to grow sugar cane, cotton, corn, and other familiar crops photo at http://www.texas.discodesigns.com/texas/austin/index.shtml

50. Austin traveled to New Orleans to recruit colonists. Austin looked for people who were willing to accept hard times and could provide for themselves. –Remember, these colonists had to agree to be Catholic and loyal to Spain. According to the grant, Austin could bring 300 families to Texas. (These families were known as the “Old Three Hundred”.)

51. Settlers who were farmers received one labor, or 177 acres. Settlers who raised cattle received a sitio, or a square league of 4,428 acres. Many settlers received both. Once the settlers were selected to come to Texas, they were given land titles, or proof of ownership of the land.

52. Beginning in 1821, settlers came to Texas. Austin purchased a small vessel named “Lively” to transport the colonists. Some colonists landed at the wrong river (the Brazos, instead of the Colorado) and didn’t see Austin. These colonists were frustrated and returned back to their homes in New Orleans. Lively

53. Austin’s Leadership The first years in the colony were tough. –drought –attacks by Karankawas –many colonists returning to the United States Austin’s colony was successful. This success was due to Austin’s leadership.

54. Once Austin found out that Mexico had gained its independence from Spain, he traveled over 1,000 miles to Mexico to obtain permission for his colony. After a year, he received the approval of the Mexican government for his colony. During this year, Austin learned to speak Spanish and won the trust of Mexican officials.

55. Austin deals successfully with Mexican leaders. Austin was awarded grants under national colonization laws. Austin influenced laws that freed colonists from taxes. Austin also obtained homestead rights for the colonists. –These rights meant that settlers’ land and tools could not be seized to pay back a debt.

56. Austin: –established his capital (San Felipe de Austin) on the west bank of the Brazos River. –was the main representative for the colonists when they needed to “deal” with the Mexican officials. –translated Spanish laws and communicated government policies to settlers. –became known as… photo at www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ people/a_c/austin.htm

57. Expanding the Empresarial System Although Stephen F. Austin became known as the first real empresario in Texas, he was not the only one. The state colonization law of 1825 allowed other empresarios to receive land grants in Texas. By 1830, about 30 people were recruiting colonists to Texas.

58. The second most important empresario was Green DeWitt. –DeWitt had founded a colony southwest of Austin’s original grant. –DeWitt’s headquarters were in Gonzales. –Although DeWitt had permission to bring 400 settlers to Texas, he had only really settled 166 settlers. Expanding the Empresarial System

59. EMPRESARIO LAND GRANTS

60. Population in Texas was almost 20,000 people. Towns of La Bahia and Nacogdoches had grown considerably. There were new towns in San Felipe, Gonzales, and Victoria. There were many other smaller communities. The cotton and cattle industries were growing. Working together, the Mexican government, the empresarios, and the settlers would continue to expand Texas’ population.

61. Neutral Ground Agreement Keep peace between Texas and Louisiana Spanish Officials Neutral Ground Agreement Chasing many Native Texans to Spanish Florida Maintain control of the frontier U.S. Officials ACCOMPLISHMENTSGOAL(S) WHO

62. Organized revolutionaries Enlisted pirates help Attacked Spanish Ships coming to Texas Revolutionaries Somewhat helped Revolutionaries (Aury and Lafitte) Take Spanish Treasure Pirates ACCOMPLISHMENTSGOAL(S) WHO

63. pioneers(Jane Long) Settle Texas Colonists Religious Leaders ACCOMPLISHMENTSGOAL(S) WHO

64. Brought many people to the Catholic faith Baptize many colonists Religious Leaders ACCOMPLISHMENTSGOAL(S) WHO

65. MAIN IDEA Anglo American colonization of Texas began when Stephen F. Austin was given permission to establish a colony of 300 American families on Texas soil. Soon other colonists followed Austin’s lead, and Texas’s population expanded rapidly. Stephen F. Austin’s colony laid the foundation for thousands of people to later move to Texas. WHY IT MATTERS NOW 2 www.yale.edu/yup/ images/0300076835.jpg

67. OBJECTIVES Describe colonial life in Texas. Identify the purposes for the Anglo American settlement of Texas. Identify ways in which colonial Texans adapted to the environment. 3 www.handworksgifts.com/ ByersChoiceLtd.html

68. LIFE IN COLONIAL TEXAS More and more people have G.T.T. Many had moved here to gain land. –(Land was $1.25/acre in the United States, much more than most Americans had to spend.) If you weren’t given land, you could buy it in Texas for 12.5 cents an acre.

69. Colonists coming to Texas came by: –Boat or Rafts –Horseback –Covered Wagons –Walking (If colonists didn’t have a horse, wagon, etc. they walked, which meant they could only bring a rifle, a few extra clothes, extra ammunition, and salt to flavor the food they killed.) LIFE IN COLONIAL TEXAS

70. Most settlers of Texas emigrated to the United States. (emigrated – to leave home to settle elsewhere) Early colonists of Texas included people of German, Irish, Polish, Mexican, and African descent, among many others. The African American population in Texas began to grow. –(Although slavery in Mexico was illegal after 1829, many Americans brought slaves with them from the U.S. to Texas.)

71. Food was plentiful for skilled hunters. –Fish –Meat (buffalo, cattle, deer, etc.) Wild berries Fresh veggies (only during growing season) www.theswain.co.uk/ weblog/feature/lookalike.htm

72. Colonial Homes If timber was available – log cabins Rock houses Usually colonists started off with a single room cabin and built on as their family grew. Open fire for cooking. Tree moss or corn husks were used for mattresses. Used the areas natural resources

73. www.co.dodge.mn.us/ html/scenic_photos.html www.creamcitycalligraphers.com/ Images www.1880sranch.com/ loghous.htm

74. Religion and Education When colonists applied for land grants, they agreed to become Catholic. Since there were very few priests in Texas, colonists pretty much worshiped as they pleased. There was no real educational system. Most children were taught at home.

75. 1.Disease –Most colonists lived too far from a doctor. –Home remedies didn’t always work. 2.Conflicts with Native Americans –Austin formed a small militia to ride throughout the colony and prevent raids. Militia – military force that is not professional

76. MAIN IDEA Colonists from many different places arrived in Texas. Although they faced many challenges on the Texas frontier, the settlers succeeded in establishing a new life in Texas. The character of Texas was shaped by the many cultures of its settlers and their courage to face hardships. WHY IT MATTERS NOW 3

77. Several expeditions that were led by filibusters attempted to make Texas independent of Spain. All of the expeditions failed, but they created an interest in Texas among Anglos. Filibusters Development of Anglo Colonies Moses and Stephen F. Austin began the first Anglo colony in Texas. Other empresarios received grants and formed additional colonies. Empresarios and the First Colonies Colonists found plenty of food and fertile soil to grow crops. They used natural resources to build and furnish their houses. However, they faced many challenges. Colonial Texas