1. Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
How does Pascal’s principle describe the transmission of pressure through a fluid?
According to Pascal’s principle, a change in pressure at any point in a fluid is transmitted equally and unchanged in all directions throughout the fluid.

2. Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
Pascal’s Principle
The forces exerted against the walls of the container are equal at a given depth.
When squeezed, the pressure is transmitted equally throughout the fluid.

3. Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
At any given depth, equal pressures act against all points on the inside of the bottle.
When the bottle is squeezed, the pressure still increases with depth. The pressure increases equally throughout the water.

4. Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
Hydraulic Systems
How does a hydraulic system work?
A hydraulic system is a device that uses pressurized fluid acting on pistons of different sizes to change a force.
In a hydraulic lift system, an increased output force is produced because a constant fluid pressure is exerted on the larger area of the output piston.

5. Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
The truck uses hydraulic-powered struts to lift its load. The larger area of the output piston produces the increased force.

6. Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
When an input force is applied to the small piston in a hydraulic system, the piston pushes against the fluid sealed in the system.
The pressure produced by the small piston is transmitted through the fluid to the large piston.
The pressure on both pistons is the same.
Because the output pressure acts on a much larger area, the output force is larger.

7. Bernoulli’s Principle
Wings and Lift
Bernoulli’s principle explains the ability of birds and airplanes to fly.
Air traveling over the top of an airplane wing moves faster than the air passing underneath.
The pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the wing creates an upward force known as lift.

8. Bernoulli’s Principle
Air flowing over the top of the wing is diverted up and over the wing’s curved surface.

9. Bernoulli’s Principle
The wings of birds produce lift in much the same way as an airplane wing. Unlike airplane wings, birds can flap their wings to produce forward movement and some lift.
The downward force created by the spoiler on a race car pushes the tires down onto the road, giving the car better traction.

10. Bernoulli’s Principle
Spray Bottles
Pressure differences between the solution chamber and the moving stream of water draw the solution into the stream.

11. Assessment Questions
A water balloon can explode if squeezed tightly between two hands. Just prior to exploding, at what point of the balloon is the pressure exerted by the water greatest?
It’s greatest at the top of the balloon (point furthest from the ground).
It’s greatest at the bottom of the balloon (point nearest the ground).
It’s greatest at the points of contact between the balloon and the two hands.
The pressure exerted by the water is the same at all points of the balloon.

12. Assessment Questions
A water balloon can explode if squeezed tightly between two hands. Just prior to exploding, at what point of the balloon is the pressure exerted by the water greatest?
It’s greatest at the top of the balloon (point furthest from the ground).
It’s greatest at the bottom of the balloon (point nearest the ground).
It’s greatest at the points of contact between the balloon and the two hands.
The pressure exerted by the water is the same at all points of the balloon. ANS: A

13. Assessment Questions
A 5-N input force of a hydraulic system corresponds to a 40-N output force. If the area of the small piston is 11 cm2, what is the area of the large piston?
8 cm
255 cm
288 cm
2200 cm2

14. Assessment Questions
A 5-N input force of a hydraulic system corresponds to a 40-N output force. If the area of the small piston is 11 cm2, what is the area of the large piston?
8 cm
255 cm
288 cm
2200 cm2
ANS: C

15. Assessment Questions
According to Bernoulli’s principle, as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid increases. True False

16. Assessment Questions
According to Bernoulli’s principle, as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid increases. True False
ANS: F, decreases