1. Presented to: Instructors and Pilot Examiners By: The FAASTeam Date: April 1 to June 30, 2010 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 Module 7, Core Topics 13 and 14: - Effective Teaching - FAA / Industry Training Standards – FITS

2. 2 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 Module 7 – Core Topic 13 Effective Teaching: Understanding how people think and learn The “art of teaching” Psychological understanding / people skills Are all of your students registered at FAASafety.gov?

3. 3 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Core Topic 13 (Effective Teaching) Objectives Review attributes of an effective pilot who is also an effective instructor. Discuss barriers to learning and student psychological and physiological needs. Further develop and demonstrate the required knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to be an effective instructor. Introduce teaching methodologies used to help develop critical thinking skills for the instructor and pilot-in-training.

4. 4 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 The Teaching Profession for Pilots Aviators Model Code of Conduct found at http://www.secureaviation.org/ http://www.secureaviation.org/ Aviation Instructor’s Handbook, found at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/han dbooks_manuals/

5. 5 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Provide the atmosphere for students to become seekers of information, not merely receptacles of information Be serious without creating excessive stress Have a flexible teaching plan in mind, but be ever on the lookout for the "teachable moment" Be positive toward trainees - guard against sending unintentional messages (disdain, condescension, racism, sexism, etc.). Be confident (not arrogant) and comfortable in not knowing everything. Goals of Teaching

6. 6 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 The Instructor Your personality shapes your teaching style All teachers need practice teaching Good flight instructors work at being good pilots and good teachers Good instructors are constantly looking for ways to improve Teaching techniques must change with changes in the aviation industry and environment (e.g. NextGen)

7. 7 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 The Learner (Pilot-in Training) Teaching style must incorporate different techniques for different trainees and different settings Set expectations with trainee Barriers to learning: –Boredom –Stress –Fatigue –Lack of motivations Motivational techniques

8. 8 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Instructional Format The use of multiple instructional formats aids in meeting the variety of course objectives and enhances learning for the pilot-in-training Common instructional formats in aviation: –Independent reading, lecture, computer-assisted instruction, demonstration, group discussion Common instructional tools in aviation: –Part task trainers, flight training devices, flight simulators, aircraft

9. 9 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Effective Teaching Techniques A new approach to teaching should be tried when it has been shown to be valid and reliable State what should be learned Situate the topic in context Involve trainees in the process by having them, present the problem, respond to questions, summarize the findings and discussion, and research and report on unanswered questions Use questions effectivelyquestions effectively Have trainee summarize the "take-home" points at the end of the discussion/activity

10. 10 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Trainee Evaluations Student-centered grading Evaluate the trainee’s conceptual knowledge and critical thinking skills Rote (“Describe”) learning vs. Understanding (Explain); Application (Practice, Perform); Correlation (Manage/Decide) Situational evaluations vs. training to the test Valid and reliable measures Evidence of learning

11. 11 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 The Process of Learning Critical thinking - the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome Reflective thinking - a part of the critical thinking process referring specifically to the processes of analyzing and making judgments about what has happened –Learners are aware of and control their learning by actively assessing what they know, what they need to know, and how they bridge that gap – during learning situations

12. 12 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Scenario-Based Training What is scenario-based training? Why do we need it?

13. 13 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 The “New” Flight Test Guide (1973)

14. 14 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 The “New” Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards (2010)

15. 15 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Example Practical Test Standards Introduction In preparation for each practical test, the examiner shall develop a written “plan of action” for each practical test. The “plan of action” is a tool, for the sole use of the examiner, to be used in evaluating the applicant. The plan of action need not be grammatically correct or in any formal format. The plan of action must contain all of the required AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS and any optional TASKS selected by the examiner. The plan of action will include a scenario that allows the evaluation of as many required AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS as possible without disruption. During the mission the examiner interjects problems and emergencies which the applicant must manage. It should be structured so that most of the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS are accomplished within the mission.

16. 16 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Guidance for Scenario-Based Evaluations – FAA Order 8900.2 Found on FAA’s Flight Standards Information System (FSIMS) at http://fsims.faa.gov/wdocs/orders/8900_2

17. 17 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 A Real Scenario NTSB Report DCA07MA00 –October 11, 2006 –Crash During Turn Maneuver –Cirrus SR-20, N929CD –Manhattan, New York City

18. 18 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 NTSB Probable Cause: The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the pilots’ inadequate planning, judgment, and airmanship in the performance of a 180º turn maneuver inside of a limited turning space.

19. 19 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 The Rest of the Story How can you relate this accident scenario to the “art” of teaching? What are the technical and non-technical skills involved in this event? Design a training scenario that you think could have prevented this accident.

20. 20 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 Module 7, Core Topic #13 Questions? Comments? Ideas? Quiz time ~

21. 21 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 1. Which factor(s) affect perception? a. Physical Organism b. Goals and values c. Self –concept d. Time and opportunity e. Element of threat f. All of the above -

22. 22 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 2. Rate the levels of learning from low to high: a. Correlation, Rote, Understanding, Application b. Rote, Understanding, Application, Correlation c. Understanding, Rote, Application, Correlation d. Application, Rote, Understanding, Correlation

23. 23 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 3. What is learning? 4. Correlation is the lowest form of learning. True or False Answers Follow –

24. 24 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 5. Which of the following are characteristics of a good test? a. Validity b. Usability c. Objectivity d. Comprehensiveness e. Discrimination f. All of the above Answers Follow:

25. 25 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 1.Which factor(s) affect perception? a. Physical Organism b. Goals and values c. Self –concept d. Time and opportunity e. Element of threat f. All of the above f. - Aviation Instructor’s Handbook

26. 26 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 2. Rate the levels of learning from low to high: a. Correlation, Rote, Understanding, Application b. Rote, Understanding, Application, Correlation c. Understanding, Rote, Application, Correlation d. Application, Rote, Understanding, Correlation b. – Aviation Instructor’s Handbook

27. 27 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 3. What is learning? Learning is defined as a change in behavior as a result of experience. - Aviation Instructor's Handbook, page 2-2 4. Correlation is the lowest form of learning. True or False False; Rote is the lowest form of learning – Aviation Instructor’s Handbook, page 4-29

28. 28 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 5. Which of the following are characteristics of a good test? a. Validity b. Usability c. Objectivity d. Comprehensiveness e. Discrimination f. All of the above f. All of the above plus, Reliability - Aviation Instructor’s Handbook (FAA-H-8083-9A) Page 5-4, 5

29. 29 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 FAASTeam CFI Workshop #7 Take a Break!

30. 30 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 Module 7 – Core Topic 14 FAA/Industry Training Standards FITS: A voluntary partnership between FAA, industry, and academia. Scenario ‑ based, learner ‑ focused training. More convenient, more accessible training. Non ‑ regulatory and incentive driven.

31. 31 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Core Topic 14 (FITS) Objectives Understand what the purpose of FITS. Become familiar with current FITS type training programs. Review the development and use of scenario-based training. Apply student-centered instructional skills to teaching and evaluating.

32. 32 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 FITS Overview What is FITS? Why do we need FITS? Who is involved with FITS? How can you involved?

33. 33 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 What is FITS? For FAA-Industry Training Standards training applications go to: http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/ http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/ then select: –> FTIS Training and Curriculums (left menu) –> Flight Instructor Training Module (select) –> Volume 1, 2, and 3 (FITS Training Volumes)

34. 34 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 What is FITS? FAA-Industry Training Standards http://wtww.faa.gov/training_testing/training /fits/http://wtww.faa.gov/training_testing/training /fits/ Non-regulatory (similar to Part 121 Airline Advanced Qualification Program) Originally conceived to be “a structured way to teach pilots to safely, competently, and efficiently operate a technically advanced piston or light jet aircraft”

35. 35 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 FITS Mission Statement Improve pilot learning to safely, competently, and efficiently operate a technically advanced piston or light jet aircraft in the modern National Airspace System (NAS). Implement training that reduces the human error element and accelerates acquisition of higher-level judgment and decision-making skills.

36. 36 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Who is Involved in FITS? Manufacturers Training providers Insurance Associations

37. 37 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 History Leading to FITS Pilot training has not evolved much in 60 years (Tom Glista, 2008) Technology outpaces training Accident/incident causal factors show pilots not keeping up with the automation or over dependence on automated functions Training science has developed new ways to teach highly complex skills

38. 38 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Examples of FITS Courses Generic Transition Recurrent Private/Instrument Instructor Avionics (GPS, MFD, and Glass Panel) Specific Garmin 430/530 MTSU Private/Instrument Documents FITS Criteria Learner -centered grading Levels of FITS acceptance Designated Examiner’s Guide Articles

39. 39 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Benefits of FITS Training Originally targeted Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA’s) Now used as a more efficient way to keep up with: –Changes in National Airspace System –Advances in equipment design –Need for more qualified pilots for commercial operations

40. 40 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Benefits of FITS Training Part 141 Pilot School Approved curriculum “Reduced” training hours Traditional checkride FAA/Industry Training Standards (FITS) Scenario-based training Emphasis on technically advanced aircraft (TAA) and simulation Student-centered grading Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) Approved curriculum “Reduced” training events Maneuvers validation Performance-based evaluations Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT) Emphasis on simulation Crew-centered debriefings

41. 41 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Role of Simulation in FITS High utilization of simulators Review simulator qualifications How to teach in simulators and training devices ICAO Multi Crew Pilot License analogy

42. 42 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Safety Record of TAA NTSB March 2010 safety study: –Analyzed accident rates of over 8,000 small piston- powered airplanes manufactured between 2002 and 2006 –Found that those equipped with glass cockpits had a higher fatal accident rate than similar aircraft with conventional instruments

43. 43 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Why? The Safety Board determined that because glass cockpits are both complex and vary from aircraft to aircraft in function, design and failure modes, pilots are not always provided with all of the information they need – both by aircraft manufacturers and the Federal Aviation Administration – to adequately understand the unique operational and functional details of the primary flight instruments in their airplanes.

44. 44 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 NTSB 830 3/08/2010 Change for immediate notification “A complete loss of information, excluding flickering, from more than 50 percent of an aircraft’s cockpit displays known as: –Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) displays; Other displays of this type, which generally include a primary flight display (PFD), primary navigation display (PND), and other integrated displays...”

45. 45 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Crew Resource Management (CRM)/ Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) Communication Decision making Situational awareness Workload management Resource management

46. 46 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Automation Training Automation Management Autoflight vs. manual flight philosophy Flight management systems EFIS displays and symbology Autopilot modes Flight mode annunciations Flight guidance systems

47. 47 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 Does FITS Work? Many manufacturers use FITS courses for their transition training Research studies indicate that FITS trained pilots have fewer setbacks in training than traditional program trainees More studies are underway to evaluate the FITS programs How can you get involved with FITS?

48. 48 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 FAASTeam CFI Workshop #7 Module 7, Core Topic 14 Questions? Comments? Ideas? Quiz time ~

49. 49 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 6. What is FITS? 7. What training standards are required for persons authorized to work on my aircraft and approve it for return to service? 8. FITS is a regulatory approach. True or False

50. 50 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 9. FITS is: a. An FAA mandatory training requirement for operation a technically advanced aircraft. b. A program that creates scenario based, learner focused training materials. c. An approved method of developing skills to manage TAA aircraft. d. An FAA approved method of training. 10. Most major aircraft manufacturers use FITS – certified syllabi for their transition-training programs. True or False Answers Follow –

51. 51 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 6. What is FITS? FITS programs create scenario-based, learner- focused training methods that encourage practical application of knowledge and skills. - faa.gov, page on FAA/Industry Training Standards (FITS)

52. 52 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 7. What training standards are required for persons authorized to work on my aircraft and approve it for return to service? Technicians/ mechanics must satisfy experience requirements established by the FARs to be eligible for a mechanic certificate, or have graduated from an FAA certified aviation maintenance technical school. - FAR 65, subsection 65.77 (a), (b).

53. 53 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 8. FITS is a regulatory approach. True or False False - FITS training and support CD 9. FITS is: a. An FAA mandatory training requirement for operation a technically advanced aircraft. b. A program that creates scenario based, learner focused training materials. c. An approved method of developing skills to manage TAA aircraft. d. An FAA approved method of training. b. – FITS training and support CD

54. 54 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 10. Most major aircraft manufacturers use FITS – certified syllabi for their transition-training programs. True or False True – AOPA Pilot of July 2006

55. 55 Federal Aviation Administration FAASTeam CFI Workshop 7 April 1 through June 30, 2010 This Completes CFI Workshop Module #7 with our sincere thanks to author Dr. Janeen Kochan Be sure to have your attendance record validated!