1. Dust Explosions Safe handling of solids

2. Dust Explosion Control  Introduction  Basic concepts of dust explosions  Ignition sources  Electrostatic ignitions  Deadly Dust II (Video)

3. Solids Handling  The safe handling of solids in becoming more important because the production and the processing of solids is increasing.  More chemicals are being produced and handled as solids to eliminate reactions with volatile and hazardous solvents.  Emphasis to produce products as powders (versus liquids) to eliminate the need to handle empty containers.  More chemicals are transported in reusable “super sacks”

4. Flammable gases & vapors  When dealing with flammable gases and vapors, the generally accepted major requirements for a fire or explosion are fuel, oxygen and ignition.  In chemical industry they try to eliminate or reduce one or more of the sides of the triangle.

5. Explosive Dusts Hexagon For Dust explosions there is a more complex situation needed before an explosion occurs.  Fuel – any dust such as, chemicals, grain, wood dust, flour, polymers, lint etc.  Moisture – when fuel contains a higher moisture content, then the dust burning process is extinguished.

6. Explosive Dust Hexagon (cont)  Dust and Air Suspension: Particles must be below a certain minimum size to be able to be suspended. Particle loading (concentration) must be between certain limits: –Lower 20 to 60 g/m 3 –Upper 2 to 6 kg/m 3 Dust loading must be fairly uniform to be explosive.

7. Effects of suspension  In the upper picture a bin (with a vent) that contains dust is ignited.  In the lower picture, an additional pile of dust was located in the path of the venting flame.  The dust become suspended and caused a secondary explosion.

8. Prevention of Dust Explosions  Eliminate fuel  Prevent dust suspensions  Add moisture  Keep fuel below LFL  Reduce oxygen below MOC  Eliminate ignition sources

9. Flammable Dusts  Acetamide  Adipic Acid  Aluminum  Barley  Carbon  Cellulose  Coffee  Corn  Epoxy Resin  Iron  Milk  Nylon  Paper  Polystyrene  Starch  Steel  Sucrose  Wheat  Wood  Zinc

10. Minimum Ignition Energies  Dusts Aluminum 10 mJ Corn (2%moisture) 110 mJ Epoxy Resin <10 mJ Milk Powder 50 mJ Sugar 30 mJ Sulphur <10 mJ  Versus Vapors Acetone 1 mJ Acrolein 0.1 mJ Benzene 0.2 mJ Carbon Disulfide <0.1 mJ Heptane 0.2 mJ Toluene 0.2 mJ

11. Elimination of suspensions  Good housekeeping – If dust is not lying around it cannot get suspended which results in an explosive situation.  Dust on beams is especially a problem since an explosion in one part of the facility will cause the dust to be suspended and exacerbate the hazard.  Often moisture is added to solids to minimize suspensions and also to reduce explosivity.

12. Keeping fuel below LFL  Venting of area and/or hooding used to collect dust. The collected dust is sent to a collections system such as a bag house, cyclone or electrostatic precipitator to remove and collect the dust.  Pelletize solids to minimize amount of material in air suspendable size range.  Inerting the area where dust will be present to reduce oxygen to below MOC. Often not practical in large systems. Inerting processes will be discussed at another time.

13. Common Ignition Sources  A United Kingdom study of dust explosions and fires cited the following causes of ignition sources Mechanical 18% Overheating 17% Open flames 15% Static Electricity 11% Welding 7% Electrical 3% Other 29%

14. Static Electricity Discharges  Static electricity is thee fourth largest cause of ignition sources in dust explosions.  Because of the nature of solids, the handling and transportation of solids can actually be the cause of the static electricity

15. Dust Explosion Control  Introduction  Basic concepts of dust explosions  Ignition sources  Electrostatic ignitions Accumulation of charges Electrostatic discharges  Deadly Dust II (Video)

16. Fundamentals of Static Electricity  Handling solids often leads to the accumulation of static electricity. This accumulation can lead to a spark that then serves as an ignition source.  One method to prevent static electricity is to prevent the accumulation of charge.  Charge Accumulation: Contact and Frictional Double layer Induction Transport

17. Contact and Frictional Charging  Dust transport e.g. pneumatic transport of powders/solids  Pouring powders e.g. pouring solids down chutes or troughs  Gears and belts e.g. transporting charges from one surface to another

18. Double layer charging  Caused by friction at interfaces on a microscopic scale.  Liquid-liquid  Solid-liquid  Solid-solid  Gas-liquid  Gas-solid

19. Induction charging  Occurs when an isolated conductor is subject to a electric field. Charges of different polarity are induced on opposite sides. If an earthed electrode touches or approaches the body then the charges closest to electrode flow away leaving the body with a net charge of opposite sign.  Occurs by walking across carpet.  Nonconductive shoes are a problem.

20. Charging by Transport  Results from a charged dust, liquid or solid particles settling onto a surface and transporting their charges to this new surface.  The rate of charge accumulation is a function of the rate of transportation.  Lightening is an example of this type of charging phenomenon.

21. Dust Explosion Control  Introduction  Basic concepts of dust explosions  Ignition sources  Electrostatic ignitions Accumulation of charges Electrostatic discharges  Deadly Dust II (Video)

22. Electrostatic Ignitions  Static electric ignitions are the result of transferring the accumulated charges to another surface via a discharge.  The accumulated charge may be safely leaked away to earth by grounding.  If energy of discharge exceeds MIE then fire or explosion.  Static electric Discharges Sparks Propagating brush Brush Corona Conical pile (Maurer)

23. Spark discharges  Discharges between two conductors.  Very energetic with energies ranging up to 10 Joules.  Can ignite flammable gases and dusts

24. Propagating brush discharge  Occur between a conductor and a non-conductive lining.  Very energetic, can be greater than 100 Joules.  Major contributor to static electricity ignitions.  If breakdown voltage of lining is less than 4 kV, then propagating brush discharges are not possible because charge will pass through lining.

25. Brush discharge  Occurs between non- conductor and a conductor.  Energetic < 5mJ  Nonconductive lining or surface must have a breakdown voltage greater than 4kV and a thickness greater than 2mm.  Can ignite flammable vapors but rarely ignites flammable dusts.  Nonconductive coating can be a layer of the powdered solid

26. Corona discharge  Corona discharge similar to brush discharge but occurs when electrode more pointed.  Occurs over a longer period of time than a spark and may give faint glow and hissing sound.  Can cause ignition of flammable gas mixtures with low MIE.  Usually considered non- incendive to dusts.

27. Conical pile discharge (Maurer discharge)  Occur between sliding solids and charged air.  Vessels larger than 1 m 3.  Nonconductive particles with resistance greater than 10 10 Ohmm  Particles larger than 1mm diameter  Relatively fast filling rate, greater than 0.5 kg/s  Energetic ~ 1 Joule  Can ignite flammable dusts and vapors

28. Preventing Electrostatic Ignitions  Handout gives a thought process procedure to prevent electrostatic ignitions from dust or dust/flammable vapor systems.

29. Deadly Dusts II  Opening scene is an actual explosion captured by a TV photographer filming an Ad.  Made for grain handlers and deals primarily with grain silos.  To make this video relevant to other industries, every time the work grain is used, substitute it with chemical dusts, flour, starch, pharmaceutical dusts, fibers, polymers, plastics, etc.