1. Modern Amphibians = Lissamphibia Urodela (Caudata) (salamanders and newts) Apoda (caecilians) Anura (frogs and toads)

3. Shared derived traits of Lissamphibia Table 10-1 Pedicellate teeth

4. Operculum-columella complex – Transferring air waves into fluid waves and ground vibration into sound.

5. Levator bulbi muscle Closed Eye

6. Thin skin with mucus and poison glands Implications for physiology and ecology

7. Breathing via the skin

9. Water through the skin – a boon and a bane

10. The skin as a storehouse for toxins Chapter 10.5 And warning and cryptic pigments Aposematic coloration

11. Apoda (Gymnophiona) Caecilians Reduced eyes, sensory tentacles, dermal folds

12. Apoda Reproduction Internal fertilzation with phallodeum Oviparous (egg guarding) or viviparous Cloaca

13. Adult teeth Baby teeth grappling

14. Urodele – Caudata Distribution Holarctic Aquatic Terrestrial

15. Reproduction Visual displays and olfaction Nasolabial groove Sexual dimorphism Hedonic (scent) glands

16. Fertilization external (few) or internal (most) Spermatophore Fire salamander - viviparous Egg mass

17. Anura most diverse, most widespread Highly derived body form Urostyle Illia

19. Anura Reproduction dominated by vocalization Expense? See text Functions of reproductive calls? Explosive versus prolonged breeding?

20. WhineChuck Tungara frogs Males alone – whine only Males with males – Whine- chuck Females prefer whine- chuck call Explain the pattern

22. External fertilization via amplexus Function of sexual dimorphism? Male Female

23. Biphasic Lifestyle Advantages? Disadvantages?

24. Amphibian Conservation Issues Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) Introduced into Australia Conservation concerns?

25. Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) introductions

26. Major Conservation Concern: Amphibian Declines 2006 report: 1,856 species, 32.5 percent of the known species of amphibians, are “globally threatened,” (vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered). By comparison, 12 percent of bird species and 23 percent of mammal species are threatened. 435 amphibian species are in rapid decline, at least 9 species have gone extinct since 1980 and another 113 species have not been reported from the wild in recent years and are considered to be possibly extinct. Causes?

27. Amphibian characteristics that increase susceptibility to environmental changes??

28. Habitat Loss

29. Over-exploitation as: Food Pets - Goliath frog 6 million into Hong Kong/yr

31. Introduced Species 99% of lakes in Sierra Nevada originally without trout. Rana mucosa (native frog) declining in part due to trout predation

32. Amphibian egg survival and ultraviolet light at high elevations

33. Rana Hyla Bufo

34. UV protectedNo UV protection Increased ultraviolet radiation due to reduced ozone Worldwide studies of UV on amphibians Red = negative effect of UV

35. Pollutants Nitrogen, pesticides, acidification,

36. Deformities

38. Trematodes parasites cause abnormalities Eggs Meracidium Cercaria Cysts

40. Chytrid Fungus

41. Global Climate Change? Direct: Loren’s paper Interaction with: disease susceptibility to toxins susceptibility to parasites Species Introduction?