1. Section 1.3 Scientific Methods
Identify the common steps of scientific methods.
Compare and contrast types of data.
Identify types of variables.
Describe the difference between a theory and a scientific law.
systematic approach: an organized method of solving a problem.

2. Section 1.3 Scientific Methods (cont.)
qualitative data
quantitative data
hypothesis
experiment
independent variable
dependent variable
control
conclusion
theory
scientific law
Scientists use scientific methods to systematically pose and test solutions to questions and assess the results of the tests.

3. A Systematic Approach
The scientific method is a systematic approach used in scientific study, whether it is chemistry, physics, biology, or another science.
It is an organized process used by scientists to do research, and provides methods for scientists to verify the work of others.

4. A Systematic Approach (cont.)
The steps in a scientific method are repeated until a hypothesis is supported or discarded.
Form a question

5. A Systematic Approach (cont.)
An observation is the act of gathering information.
Qualitative data is obtained through observations that describe color, smell, shape, or some other physical characteristic that is related to the five senses.
Quantitative data is obtained from numerical observations that describe how much, how little, how big or how fast.
What are some qualitative observations you could make in this room? What are some quantitative observations?

6. A Systematic Approach (cont.)
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for what has been observed. (An educated explanation for a problem).
An experiment is a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis.

7. A Systematic Approach (cont.)
A variable is a quantity or condition that can have more than one value.
An independent variable is the variable you plan to change.
The dependent variable is the variable that changes in value in response to a change in the independent variable.

8. A Systematic Approach (cont.)
A control is a standard for comparison in the experiment.
A conclusion is a judgment based on the information obtained from the experiment.
A hypothesis is never proven, only supported or discarded.
A model can be used to make predictions.

9. Let’s Look at an example:
The Ozone Layer
Ultraviolet light damages living organisms.
Earth’s atmosphere contains a layer of ozone that absorbs ultraviolet light and protects living organisms.

10. The Ozone Layer (cont.)

11. The Ozone Layer (cont.)
Ozone is a substance in the atmosphere made up of oxygen.
Ozone is formed when oxygen gas (O2) is exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

12. The Ozone Layer (cont.)
In the mid-1980s, Scientists detected thin areas in the ozone layer over Antarctica.
What could be causing the ozone hole?

13. Chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are used as coolant in refrigerators and propellant in aerosol cans.
CFCs were considered safe because they are non-toxic and don’t react with other chemicals.

14. Chlorofluorocarbons (cont.)
CFCs were first detected in the atmosphere in the 1970s, and the concentrations continued to increase through the 1990s.
Was there a connection between ozone thinning and increasing CFCs in the atmosphere?

15. A B C D Section 1.1 Assessment
Which of the following protects living organisms from harmful ultraviolet light?
A. CFCs
B. oxygen gas
C. exosphere
D. ozone A B C D

16. Two scientists, Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland studied how long CFCs could stay in the Earth’s atmosphere.
They looked at interactions of chemicals in the troposphere. They found CFCs to be stable there for long amounts of time, but they also knew that CFCs would travel up to the stratosphere.

17. They hypothesized that CFCs break down in the stratosphere because of interactions with ultra-violet light from the sun. They also hypothesized that the chlorine produced in this interaction would break down the ozone.
Molina and Rowland’s model showed how CFCs could destroy ozone.

18. Theory and Scientific Law
A theory is an explanation that has been repeatedly supported by many experiments.
A theory states a broad principle of nature that has been supported over time by repeated testing.
Theories are successful if they can be used to make predictions that are true.
Theories you may know: Modern Atomic Theory, Big Bang Theory, Theory of Evolution, Cell Theory, Theory of Relativity, Plate Tectonic Theory

19. Theory and Scientific Law (cont.)
A scientific law is a relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments, and no exceptions to these relationships are found.
Laws you might be familiar with: Newton’s laws, Law of gravitation, Kepler’s laws, Boyles law, Charles Law, Ideal Gas Law.

20. A B C D Section 1.3 Assessment
Quantitative data describes observations that are _____.
A. numerical
B. conditions
C. independent
D. hypotheses A B C D

21. A B C D Section 1.3 Assessment
Scientific methods are _____ approaches to solving problems.
A. dependent
B. independent
C. hypothetical
D. systematic A B C D

22. Example:
George wants to see how the length of daylight affects the growth of a sunflower.
He plants identical seeds in identical pots that are filled with the same type of soil and the same amount of water.
He exposes the first flower pot to no sunlight, the second to 4 hours of sunlight, and the 3rd to 8 hours of sunlight.

23. A). Which flower pot is the control for this experiment?
B). What is the independent variable for this experiment?
C). What is the dependent variable for this experiment?
D). What is the quantitative data collected?
E). What type of qualitative data might you collect?