1. More Waves

2. Polarizing Filters A polarizer contains lines spaced very closely together. Only waves oriented in the same direction as the polarizer can pass through. A polarizer contains lines spaced very closely together. Only waves oriented in the same direction as the polarizer can pass through.

3. Electromagnetic Spectrum All waves in the EM spectrum travel at the speed of light, 3 x 10 8 m/s All waves in the EM spectrum travel at the speed of light, 3 x 10 8 m/s In order from lowest frequency and energy to the highest: Power, Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, and Gamma rays. In order from lowest frequency and energy to the highest: Power, Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, and Gamma rays.

4. Particle Wave Duality Isaac Newton determined that light is a particle. Isaac Newton determined that light is a particle. Christian Huygens found the wave theory of light. Christian Huygens found the wave theory of light. Both theories have strengths and weaknesses because of the dual nature of light. Both theories have strengths and weaknesses because of the dual nature of light.

5. Balmer, Lymen, and Paschen series Balmer is the visible range Balmer is the visible range Lymen is ultraviolet Lymen is ultraviolet Paschen is infrared Paschen is infrared

6. Blackbody radiation A blackbody is one that absorbs all radiation incident upon it. It reflects nothing and appears black. A blackbody is one that absorbs all radiation incident upon it. It reflects nothing and appears black. A blackbody will release thermal radiation, and the wavelength of wave it releases is related to the temperature. A blackbody will release thermal radiation, and the wavelength of wave it releases is related to the temperature. Lower temperature substances stay black. Higher temperature substances can be red, yellow, white, and blue. Lower temperature substances stay black. Higher temperature substances can be red, yellow, white, and blue.

7. Greenhouse effect Energy from the sun is mainly in the range of ultraviolet, visible, and short-wavelength infrared. The atmosphere is transparent to those wavelengths, so they pass through to the earth. Energy from the sun is mainly in the range of ultraviolet, visible, and short-wavelength infrared. The atmosphere is transparent to those wavelengths, so they pass through to the earth. The earth absorbs the energy from these waves, and then reradiates it as long-wave infrared. The earth absorbs the energy from these waves, and then reradiates it as long-wave infrared. The atmosphere does not transmit long-wave infrared, and the trapped radiation warms the earth. The atmosphere does not transmit long-wave infrared, and the trapped radiation warms the earth.

8. Ozone hole Ozone in the upper atmosphere prevents the harmful UVB rays from getting through. Ozone in the upper atmosphere prevents the harmful UVB rays from getting through. Use of cfc’s (chloroflurocarbons) has decreased the thickness of the ozone layer, and seasonal changes occur naturally that also decrease the ozone. Use of cfc’s (chloroflurocarbons) has decreased the thickness of the ozone layer, and seasonal changes occur naturally that also decrease the ozone. The decreased ozone has been linked to an increase in skin cancers, damage to plants, and a reduction of plankton populations in the ocean. The decreased ozone has been linked to an increase in skin cancers, damage to plants, and a reduction of plankton populations in the ocean.

9. Blue Skies Caused by the scattering of light in the atmosphere. Caused by the scattering of light in the atmosphere. Short wavelength light scatters more, so it gets bounced around the atmosphere. Short wavelength light scatters more, so it gets bounced around the atmosphere. When the sun is rising or setting, the light goes through more atmosphere, and the blue light gets scattered out. When the sun is rising or setting, the light goes through more atmosphere, and the blue light gets scattered out.

10. Lasers Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Monochromatic (single wavelength) and in phase. Monochromatic (single wavelength) and in phase.

11. Holograms Three dimensional pictures made with a laser Three dimensional pictures made with a laser White light holograms can be seen in regular room lighting White light holograms can be seen in regular room lighting Transmission holograms require the same type laser they were produced with to be visible Transmission holograms require the same type laser they were produced with to be visible

12. Diffraction Bending of waves as they pass around a barrier. Bending of waves as they pass around a barrier. Maximum diffraction comes with small slits and long wavelengths. Maximum diffraction comes with small slits and long wavelengths.

13. Interference Two or more waves interacting. Two or more waves interacting. Constructive interference – crest meets crest or trough meets trough. Constructive interference – crest meets crest or trough meets trough. Destructive Interference – crest meets trough. Destructive Interference – crest meets trough.

14. Resonance Object that vibrates at it’s natural frequency is in resonance. Object that vibrates at it’s natural frequency is in resonance.