1. Unit 4 Atomic Physics and Spectra

2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

3. Waves type of disturbance that can propagate or travel. wavelle  lnlgth ( )‏ crest amplitude (A)‏ velocity (v)‏ trough Wavelength (  is a distance, so its units are m, cm, or mm, etc. Period (T): time between crest (or trough) passages Frequency ( ): rate of passage of crests (or troughs c=  (units: Hertz or cycles/sec)‏ Equilibrium position

4. Shorter wavelength ( ) = higher frequency ( ) and therefore higher energy

5. Waves bend when they pass through material of different densities. swimming pool air water prism air glass Refraction

6. All radiation (including visible light) travels as Electromagnetic waves. Examples of objects with magnetic fields: Magnet the Earth the Sun Examples of objects with electric fields: Electrical appliances Lightning Protons, electrons

7. Electromagnetic Radiation How we get information about the cosmos e.g. Visible Light‏

8.  c = 1 nm = 10 -9 m, 1 Angstrom = 10 -10 m The Electromagnetic Spectrum

9. When you bend light, bending angle depends on wavelength, or color. Refraction of light (Prism demo)‏

10. Types of Spectra 1. "Continuous" spectrum luminous solid, liquid, or dense gas, emits light of all wavelengths, produces a continuous spectrum 2. "Emission" spectrum low-density, hot gas emits light whose spectrum consists of a series of bright emission lines that are characteristic of the composition of the gas. 1."Absorption” Spectrum c ool, thin gas absorbs certain wavelengths from a continuous spectrum, leaving dark absorption lines in their place, superimposed on the continuous spectrum.

11. Pattern of lines is a fingerprint of the element

12. For a given element, emission and absorption lines occur at the same wavelengths. Sodium emission and absorption spectra

13. The Particle Nature of Light Light interacts with matter as individual packets of energy, called photons. photon energy is proportional to frequency:  example: ultraviolet photons are more dangerous than visible photons.

14. The Nature of Atoms The Bohr model of the Hydrogen atom: _ + proton electron "ground state" _ + "excited state"

15. When an atom absorbs a photon, it moves to a higher energy state briefly When it jumps back to lower energy state, it emits photon(s) in a random direction, conserving the total energy of the system

16. Other elements Helium Carbon neutron proton Each element has its own allowed energy levels yielding a unique spectral fingerprint.

17. Atmospheric blocking

18. Radio Waves Emitted by TV, radio, stars, galaxies Radio wave image of CO gases in our Milky Way galaxy

19. Microwaves Penetrate clouds, fog  communication, radar

20. Infrared Thermal (heat) IR image of Milky Way

21. Visible Detection with eyes

22. Ultraviolet Higher energy than visible light UV image of the Sun

23. X ray radiation X ray image of the Sun

24. Gamma-rays Shortest wavelength, therefore highest E Produced by supernovae, pulsars, black holes, … Gamma ray bursts  (source ???)

25. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ gamma.html http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ gamma.html https://www.e- education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l3_p4.ht ml https://www.e- education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l3_p4.ht ml