1. History 311 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Part III

2. Francis Bacon 1561 - 1626 Novum Organum, 1610 The Four Idols: The Tribe The Cave The Marketplace The Theater

3. Bacon and the Four Idols Idols of the Tribe – Human Tendency to Fall in Love with a Dogma Idols of the Cave – Excessive Importance Given to Personal Experience; the idol of personal bias Idols of the Marketplace – The Fallacy of the catch word or unexamined vocabulary Idols of the Theater – The Fallacy of Theorists to spin seductive theories; plausible but fictitious systems

4. Title Page from Bacon’s The Great Instauration Published 1620

5. Rene´ Descartes 1596 - 1650 Discourse on Method, 1637 The Cartesian Method Systematic Doubt Clear and Distinct Ideas

6. MAN GOD Nature Essentially Qualitative Teleological View of World As Great Chain of Being

7. CARTESIAN RATIONALISM Systematic or Hyperbolic Doubt Systematic or Hyperbolic Doubt Deductive Argument from First Principles Deductive Argument from First Principles –Cogito, ergo sum Cartesian Dualism Cartesian Dualism –Res extensa- Res cogitans Physical Universe Size, Shape Motion, Rest Thinking Universe Soul Math as Bridge

9. The first was never to accept anything as true if I did not have evident knowledge of its truth; that is, carefully to avoid precipitate conclusions and preconceptions, and to include nothing more in my judgments than what presented itself to my mind so clearly and distinctly that I had no occasion to doubt it. The second, to divide each of the difficulties I examined into as many parts as possible and as may be required in order to resolve them better. The third, to direct my thoughts in an orderly manner, by beginning with the simplest and most easily known objects in order to ascend little by little, step by step, to knowledge of the most complex, and by supposing some order even among objects that have no natural order of precedence. And the last, throughout to make enumerations so complete, and reviews so comprehensive, that I could be sure of leaving nothing out.

10. 1.We have an idea of that which has infinite perfection. 2. The idea we have of ourselves entails finitude and imperfection. 3. According to the principle of sufficient reason, there must be as much reality (formally or eminently) in the cause of any idea as (objectively) in the idea itself. 4. Therefore, the idea we have of infinite perfection originated from a being with infinite formal perfection. 5. It follows that the idea could not have originated in ourselves or our ideas of ourselves. 6. The origin of the idea could only be the real existence of the infinite being that we call God.

11. CARTESIAN RATIONALISM Systematic Doubt Systematic Doubt Deductive Argument from First Principles Deductive Argument from First Principles –Cogito, ergo sum Cartesian Dualism Cartesian Dualism –Res extensa- Res cogitans Physical Universe Size, Shape Motion, Rest Thinking Universe Soul Math as Bridge

12. Type:ObjectsProperties Secondary Objects of Sense hardness, heat, light, odor, color, taste, sound Primary Objects of Mathematics quantity, shape, time, magnitude

13. God as First Cause Nature As Essentially Quantitative Human Soul Cartesian Dualism And Modern Worldview

14. Descartes “Man as machine” “The Clock Metaphor” Shapin, pp. 32-37

15. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Develops an early Microscope Robert Hooke 1635-1703

16. Robert Boyle 1627-1691 Boyle’s Air Pump Corpuscular Theory of Matter

17. God as First Cause Nature As Essentially Quantitative Man as Soul Cartesian Dualism And Modern Worldview

18. Benedict de Spinoza 1632-1678 Theological-Political Treatise 1670 Influenced by Cartesian Rationalism Rejects Cartesian Dualism Theory of “Monism”; equates God And Nature

19. Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727 Title Page of Principia, 1687

20. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction For every action force there is an equal, but opposite, reaction force For every action force there is an equal, but opposite, reaction force

22. Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727 Principia, 1687 Newtonian Worldview One universal, mathematical law explains all motion in universe World of nature open to human investigation and knowledge Mechanical view of nature Orderly, regulated, uniform Machine operates by natural laws Natural Laws can be Known by Man

24. MAN GOD Nature Essentially Qualitative Teleological View of World As Great Chain of Being

25. TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE ARTS & CRAFTS KNOWLEDGE-TRUTH PRACTICAL/MATERIAL WORLD WORLD OF SUBSTANCE PHILOSOPHY/THEOLOGY QUANTITATIVE MECHANISTIC QUALITATIVE SPIRITUAL/SOUL ANCIENT WORLD CHRISTIAN MEDIEVAL SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PHYSICAL UNIVERSE QUANTITATIVE/MATHEMATICALLY STRUCTURED & MECHANISTIC MATHEMATICS IS BRIDGE FROM HUMAN SOUL/MIND TO KNOWLEDGE OF REALITY

26. God as First Cause Nature As Essentially Quantitative Man as Soul Cartesian Dualism And Modern Worldview