1. A comparison of child well-being in the EU 29 Jonathan Bradshaw Child ONEurope European Seminar on Child Well-being Indicators Instituto degli Innocenti Florence 29 January 2009

2. Background  UNICEF State of the World’s Children  Cornia and Danziger (1997) Child Poverty and Deprivation in Rich Countries  UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 1-6  Luxembourg EU Presidency – child mainstreaming  Ben Arieh and the “Jerusalem” project  Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) An index of child well-being in the European Union 25, Journal of Social Indicators Research, 80, 133-177. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf  UNICEF (2007) Innocenti Report Card 7 Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries  Bradshaw, J. Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries: Concepts and Methods, IWP 2006-03. Florence:UNICEF. http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf  Richardson, D. Hoelscher, P. and Bradshaw, J. (2008) Child well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Child Ind. Res. 1: 211-250.  Bradshaw, J. and Richardson, D. (2009 An Index of Child Well-being in Europe (forthcoming)

3. Conceptualisation of child well-being  Multi-dimensional approach  Based on children’s rights as outlined in the UN CRC  “the primary consideration in all actions concerning children must be in their best interest and their views must be taken into account”  What children think and feel is important  Aspirations  Child the unit of analysis  Well-being more important than well-becoming  Focus on outcomes not inputs  Use direct measures

4. Data Sources for EU index 2009  Surveys  Health Behaviour of School Aged Children (HBSC) at 2005  Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) at 2006  Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU) at 2006  Series  WHO mortality data base  World Bank World Development Indicators  OECD Health Indicators  EU Health for All Data base  OECD Education at a Glance,

5. DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING  43 indicators  20 components  7 domains

6. DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING  Health  Subjective well-being  P ersonal relationships  Material resources  Education  Behaviour and risks  Housing and the environment

7. Child well-being: Summary

8. Health Child health from birth Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)2006World Development Indicators Low birth weight newborns (lower than 2.5kg, [%])circa 2006OECD Health and EU Health for All Databases ImmunisationImmunization, measles (% aged 12-23 months)2006World Development Indicators Child immunization rate, DPT3 (% aged 12-23 months)2006World Development Indicators Child immunization rate, Pol3 (% aged 12-23 months)2006HNP stats Children’s health behaviou r Children who brush their teeth more than once a day2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Children who eat fruit daily2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Children who eat breakfast every school day2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Children's physical activity2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Children who are overweight (BMI)2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)

9. HEALTH

10. Subjective well-being Subjective Well-being Personal well- being Children who report high life satisfaction2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Well-being at school Children who feel pressured by schoolwork2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Young people liking school a lot 11, 13 and 15 years2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Self defined health Children who rate their health as fair or poor2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)

11. Components of subjective well-being

12. Relationships Children's Relationships Quality of family relations Child who find it easy to talk to their mothers2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Child who find it easy to talk to their fathers2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Peer relations hips Children who agree that their classmates are kind and helpful 2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)

13. RELATIONSHIPS

14. Material well-being Material situation DeprivationHouseholds with children with an enforced lack of consumer durables (%) 2006EU-SILC Households with children reporting economic strain (%)2006EU-SILC Pupils with less than 6 education possessions (%)2006OECD PISA Database Pupils with less 10 books in the household (%)2006OECD PISA Database PovertyChild poverty (60% of median equivalised income after transfers): 0-17 years 2006EU-SILC Relative child poverty gap (60% of median equivalised income): 0-17 years 2006EU-SILC WorklessnessChildren aged 0-17 living in jobless households: 0-17 years2006EU-SILC

15. MATERIAL WELL-BEING

16. Risk and safety Risk and Safety Violence and violent behaviou r Children involved in physical fighting at least once in the past year 2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Children who have been bullied at school at least twice in the past 2 months 2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Child deathsAll child deaths: All under 19 deaths per 100,000 childrencirca 2005WHO Mortality Database Risk behaviou r Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15- 19) 2006World Development Indicators 15-year-olds who have had sexual intercourse2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) 15-year-olds who used a condom at last sexual intercourse2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) Children who smoke at least once a week2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) 13 and 15 year olds who have been drunk at least twice2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008) 15-year-olds who have ever used cannabis in their lifetime2005/06HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)

17. Components of risk and safety

18. Education AchievementReading literacy achievement2006OECD PISA Database 2006 Mathematics literacy achievement2006OECD PISA Database 2006 Science literacy achievement2006OECD PISA Database 2006 Participa tion/enro lment Full-time and part-time students in all institutions (% of 15-19-year-olds) 2005OECD Education at a Glance (2007) School enrolment, pre-primary (% gross)2006World Development Indicators Youth Inactivit y Inactive youth (NEET) age 15-19 (%)2005OECD Education at a Glance (2007)

19. EDUCATION

20. Housing and the environment Housing and environment OvercrowdingRooms per person in households with children2006EU-SILC EnvironmentHouseholds with children who report crime in the area is a problem 2006EU-SILC Households with children reporting pollution or dirt as problems in the area 2006EU-SILC Housing problems Households with children reporting more than one housing problems 2006EU-SILC

21. Housing and the environment

22. Background  UNICEF State of the World’s Children  Cornia and Danziger (1997) Child Poverty and Deprivation in Rich Countries  UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 1-6  Luxembourg EU Presidency – child mainstreaming  Ben Arieh and the “Jerusalem” project  Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) An index of child well-being in the European Union 25, Journal of Social Indicators Research, 80, 133-177. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf  UNICEF (2007) Innocenti Report Card 7 Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries  Bradshaw, J. Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries: Concepts and Methods, IWP 2006-03. Florence:UNICEF. http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf  Richardson, D. Hoelscher, P. and Bradshaw, J. (2008) Child well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Child Ind. Res. 1: 211-250.  Bradshaw, J. and Richardson, D. (2009 An Index of Child Well-being in Europe (forthcoming)

23. WELL-BEING BY CHILD POVERTY RATE

24. WELL-BEING AND LIFE SATISFACTION

25. WELL-BEING BY FAMILY BREAKDOWN

26. Selected ten

27. Overall by select ten

28. Correlations matrix of domains

29. Child well-being by GDP Euros per capita

30. Child well-being and inequality

31. Overall child well-being by spending on families with children 2005 as %GDP

32. (Self) Criticisms  Not all aspects of child well-being covered  Bias to older children  Equal weighting  Z scores  No measure of dispersion within countries

33. Future  Innocenti report card 8 out ?9  OECD report on child well-being coming in April 2009  EU project on child poverty and child well- being  Also better questions in SILC from 2009

34. Conclusions (on for example Italy)  Italy is middling/low on child well-being overall  Not good on  Well-being at school  Youth inactivity  Poverty  Education  Housing  Better on  Self defined health  Risk and safety  Weak family package  Hypotheses  Relying on strong families - which are weakening  ?Spending too much on the elderly