1. Higher Education Desegregation: An Analysis of State Efforts in Systems Formally Operating Segregated Systems of Higher Education Louisiana State University Edwin Litolff

2. Statement of Problem The purpose of this study is to longitudinally analyze the results of desegregation efforts at public colleges and universities in states that formally operated dual systems of higher education. The progress, rate of change, and pattern of desegregation will be quantifiably measured using a desegregation index and analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance, cross-sectional analysis, log linear trend analysis, and time series analysis

3. Research Questions To what extent have the states that previously operated dual systems of higher education and were involved in the Adams v. Richardson (1973) litigation desegregated? To what degree and at what rate has desegregation taken place in the states that previously operated dual systems of higher education and were involved in the Adams v. Richardson (1973) litigation? Is there a difference in desegregation results between two-year and four-year institutions in states that previously operated dual systems of higher education and were involved in the Adams v. Richardson (1973) litigation?

4. Higher Education Desegregation Historical perspective –Morrill Act II –Plessy v. Ferguson –Brown v. Board of Education –Civil Rights Act –Adams v. Richardson –California v. Bakke –United States v. Fordice –Hopwood v. Texas –Michigan Cases (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger)

5. Higher Education Desegregation Alabama Arkansas Delaware Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia

6. Methodology Descriptive research technique Desegregation Index –Data Collection 18 Years of IPEDS Enrollment Data between 1980 and 2004 Over 37,000 records for all 50 states –Sample Public, degree granting higher education institutions with at least 2 year degree programs in the United states –Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance –Time Series

7. Desegregation Index 0 = Complete Desegregation 100 = Complete Segregation

8. Adams vs. Non Adams States

9. Desegregation Index 1980/2004

10. Largest Declines – Louisiana/Mississippi

11. Largest Increases – Arkansas/Alabama

12. Possible Conclusions/Implications Desegregation results/trends Forecasting Policy implications Cause-effect relationships Future Studies State and Federal Policy Higher Education Policy Institutions (Desegregation index, enrollment, funding, degree programs, faculty/staff Desegregation Index Management Boards Scholarships/Recruiting

13. Questions/Comments