1. CHI RHO IOTA PAGE FROM THE BOOK OF KELLS Probably made at Iona, Scotland. Late 8th or early 9th century. Oxgall inks and pigments on vellum, 12-3/4" × 9-1/2" (32.5 × 24 cm). The Board of Trinity College, Dublin. MS. 58, fol. 34r. [Fig ]
CHI RHO IOTA PAGE FROM THE BOOK OF KELLS Probably made at Iona, Scotland. Late 8th or early 9th century. Oxgall inks and pigments on vellum, 12-3/4" × 9-1/2" (32.5 × 24 cm). The Board of Trinity College, Dublin. MS. 58, fol. 34r. [Fig ]

2. EUROPE OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES [Map 15-01]

3. JEWELRY OF QUEEN ARNEGUNDE Discovered in her tomb, excavated at the Abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. Burial c Gold, silver, garnets, and glass beads; length of pin 10-3/8" (26.4 cm). Musée des Antiquités Nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. [Fig ]
JEWELRY OF QUEEN ARNEGUNDE Discovered in her tomb, excavated at the Abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. Burial c Gold, silver, garnets, and glass beads; length of pin 10-3/8" (26.4 cm). Musée des Antiquités Nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. [Fig ]

4. GUMMERSMARK BROOCH Denmark. 6th century. Silver gilt, height 5-3/4" (14.6 cm). Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen. [Fig ]
GUMMERSMARK BROOCH Denmark. 6th century. Silver gilt, height 5-3/4" (14.6 cm). Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen. [Fig ]

5. HINGED CLASP, FROM THE SUTTON HOO BURIAL SHIP Suffolk, England
HINGED CLASP, FROM THE SUTTON HOO BURIAL SHIP Suffolk, England. First half of 7th century. Gold plaques with granulation and inlays of garnet and checked millefiori glass, length 5" (12.7 cm). British Museum, London. [Fig ]
HINGED CLASP, FROM THE SUTTON HOO BURIAL SHIP Suffolk, England. First half of 7th century. Gold plaques with granulation and inlays of garnet and checked millefiori glass, length 5" (12.7 cm). British Museum, London. [Fig ]

6. SYMBOL OF THE EVANGELIST MATTHEW, GOSPEL BOOK OF DURROW Page from the Gospel of Matthew. Probably made at Iona, Scotland, or in northern England. Second half of 7th century. Ink and tempera on parchment, 9-5/8" × 6-1/8" (24.4 × 15.5 cm). The Board of Trinity College, Dublin. MS. 57, fol. 21v. [Fig ]
SYMBOL OF THE EVANGELIST MATTHEW, GOSPEL BOOK OF DURROW Page from the Gospel of Matthew. Probably made at Iona, Scotland, or in northern England. Second half of 7th century. Ink and tempera on parchment, 9-5/8" × 6-1/8" (24.4 × 15.5 cm). The Board of Trinity College, Dublin. MS. 57, fol. 21v. [Fig ]

7. PAGE WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE TEXT OF MATTHEW'S GOSPEL, LINDISFARNE GOSPEL BOOK Lindisfarne. c Ink and tempera on vellum, 13-3/8" × 9-7/16" (34 × 24 cm). The British Library, London. Cotton MS. Nero D.IV, fol. 27r. [Fig ]
PAGE WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE TEXT OF MATTHEW'S GOSPEL, LINDISFARNE GOSPEL BOOK Lindisfarne. c Ink and tempera on vellum, 13-3/8" × 9-7/16" (34 × 24 cm). The British Library, London. Cotton MS. Nero D.IV, fol. 27r. [Fig ]

8. MATTHEW WRITING HIS GOSPEL, LINDISFARNE GOSPEL BOOK Lindisfarne. c
MATTHEW WRITING HIS GOSPEL, LINDISFARNE GOSPEL BOOK Lindisfarne. c Ink and tempera on vellum, 13-3/8" × 9-7/16" (34 × 24 cm). The British Library, London. Cotton MS. Nero D.IV, fol. 25v [Fig ]
MATTHEW WRITING HIS GOSPEL, LINDISFARNE GOSPEL BOOK Lindisfarne. c Ink and tempera on vellum, 13-3/8" × 9-7/16" (34 × 24 cm). The British Library, London. Cotton MS. Nero D.IV, fol. 25v [Fig ]

9. EZRA RESTORING THE SACRED SCRIPTURES, IN THE BIBLE KNOWN AS THE CODEX AMIATINUS Wearmouth-Jarrow. c Ink and tempera on vellum, 20" × 13-1/2" (50.5 × 34.3 cm). Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence. Cod. Amiat. I, fol. 5r [Fig ]
EZRA RESTORING THE SACRED SCRIPTURES, IN THE BIBLE KNOWN AS THE CODEX AMIATINUS Wearmouth-Jarrow. c Ink and tempera on vellum, 20" × 13-1/2" (50.5 × 34.3 cm). Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence. Cod. Amiat. I, fol. 5r [Fig ]

10. SOUTH CROSS, AHENNY County Tipperary, Ireland. 8th century. Sandstone
SOUTH CROSS, AHENNY County Tipperary, Ireland. 8th century. Sandstone. [Fig ]
SOUTH CROSS, AHENNY County Tipperary, Ireland. 8th century. Sandstone. [Fig ]

11. Maius WOMAN CLOTHED WITH THE SUN, THE MORGAN BEATUS Monastery of San Salvador at Tábara, León, Spain Tempera on vellum, 15-1/8" × 22-1/6" (38.5 × 56 cm). The Morgan Library and Museum, New York. MS. M644, fols. 152v-153r. [Fig ]
Maius WOMAN CLOTHED WITH THE SUN, THE MORGAN BEATUS Monastery of San Salvador at Tábara, León, Spain Tempera on vellum, 15-1/8" × 22-1/6" (38.5 × 56 cm). The Morgan Library and Museum, New York. MS. M644, fols. 152v-153r. [Fig ]

12. Emeterius and Ende, with the scribe Senior BATTLE OF THE BIRD AND THE SERPENT, COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE BY BEATUS AND COMMENTARY ON DANIEL BY JEROME Made for Abbot Dominicus, probably at the monastery of San Salvador at Tábara, León, Spain. Completed July 6, 975. Tempera on parchment, 15-3/4" × 10-1/4" (40 × 26 cm). Cathedral Library, Gerona, Spain. MS. 7[11], fol. 18v [Fig ]
Emeterius and Ende, with the scribe Senior BATTLE OF THE BIRD AND THE SERPENT, COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE BY BEATUS AND COMMENTARY ON DANIEL BY JEROME Made for Abbot Dominicus, probably at the monastery of San Salvador at Tábara, León, Spain. Completed July 6, 975. Tempera on parchment, 15-3/4" × 10-1/4" (40 × 26 cm). Cathedral Library, Gerona, Spain. MS. 7[11], fol. 18v [Fig ]

13. GRIPPING BEASTS, DETAIL OF OSEBERG SHIP c. 815-820. Wood
GRIPPING BEASTS, DETAIL OF OSEBERG SHIP c Wood. Vikingskiphuset, Universitets Oldsaksamling, Oslo, Norway. [Fig ]
GRIPPING BEASTS, DETAIL OF OSEBERG SHIP c Wood. Vikingskiphuset, Universitets Oldsaksamling, Oslo, Norway. [Fig ]

14. ROYAL RUNE STONES, RIGHT-HAND STONE ORDERED BY KING HARALD BLUETOOTH Jelling, Denmark Granite, 3-sided, height about 8' (2.44 m). [Fig ]
ROYAL RUNE STONES, RIGHT-HAND STONE ORDERED BY KING HARALD BLUETOOTH Jelling, Denmark Granite, 3-sided, height about 8' (2.44 m). [Fig ]

15. EXTERIOR (A) AND CUTAWAY DRAWING (B) OF STAVE CHURCH, BORGUND, NORWAY c. 1125-1150. [Fig. 15-14a]

16. EXTERIOR (A) AND CUTAWAY DRAWING (B) OF STAVE CHURCH, BORGUND, NORWAY c. 1125-1150. [Fig. 15-14b]

17. EQUESTRIAN PORTRAIT OF CHARLES THE BALD (. ) 9th century
EQUESTRIAN PORTRAIT OF CHARLES THE BALD (?) 9th century. Bronze, height 9-1/2" (24.4 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig ]
EQUESTRIAN PORTRAIT OF CHARLES THE BALD (?) 9th century. Bronze, height 9-1/2" (24.4 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig ]

18. INTERIOR VIEW (A) AND SECTION DRAWING (B), PALACE CHAPEL OF CHARLEMAGNE Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Germany [Fig a]
INTERIOR VIEW (A) AND SECTION DRAWING (B), PALACE CHAPEL OF CHARLEMAGNE Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Germany [Fig a]

19. INTERIOR VIEW (A) AND SECTION DRAWING (B), PALACE CHAPEL OF CHARLEMAGNE Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Germany [Fig b]
INTERIOR VIEW (A) AND SECTION DRAWING (B), PALACE CHAPEL OF CHARLEMAGNE Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Germany [Fig b]

20. WESTWORK, ABBEY CHURCH OF CORVEY Westphalia, Germany
WESTWORK, ABBEY CHURCH OF CORVEY Westphalia, Germany. Late 9th century (upper stories mid 12th century). [Fig ]
WESTWORK, ABBEY CHURCH OF CORVEY Westphalia, Germany. Late 9th century (upper stories mid 12th century). [Fig ]

21. SAINT GALL PLAN (ORIGINAL AND REDRAWN WITH CAPTIONS) c. 817
SAINT GALL PLAN (ORIGINAL AND REDRAWN WITH CAPTIONS) c Original in red ink on parchment, 28" × 44-1/8" (71.1 × cm). Stiftsbibliothek, Saint Gall, Switzerland. Cod. Sang [Fig a]
SAINT GALL PLAN (ORIGINAL AND REDRAWN WITH CAPTIONS) c Original in red ink on parchment, 28" × 44-1/8" (71.1 × cm). Stiftsbibliothek, Saint Gall, Switzerland. Cod. Sang [Fig a]

22. SAINT GALL PLAN (ORIGINAL AND REDRAWN WITH CAPTIONS) c. 817
SAINT GALL PLAN (ORIGINAL AND REDRAWN WITH CAPTIONS) c Original in red ink on parchment, 28" × 44-1/8" (71.1 × cm).
Stiftsbibliothek, Saint Gall, Switzerland. Cod. Sang [Fig b]
SAINT GALL PLAN (ORIGINAL AND REDRAWN WITH CAPTIONS) c Original in red ink on parchment, 28" × 44-1/8" (71.1 × cm). Stiftsbibliothek, Saint Gall, Switzerland. Cod. Sang [Fig b]

23. PAGE WITH ST. MATTHEW THE EVANGELIST, CORONATION GOSPELS Gospel of Matthew. Early 9th century. 12-3/4" × 9-7/8" (36.3 × 25 cm). Kunsthistorische Museum, Vienna. [Fig ]
PAGE WITH ST. MATTHEW THE EVANGELIST, CORONATION GOSPELS Gospel of Matthew. Early 9th century. 12-3/4" × 9-7/8" (36.3 × 25 cm). Kunsthistorische Museum, Vienna. [Fig ]

24. PAGE WITH ST. MATTHEW THE EVANGELIST, EBBO GOSPELS Gospel of Matthew
PAGE WITH ST. MATTHEW THE EVANGELIST, EBBO GOSPELS Gospel of Matthew. Second quarter of 9th century. Ink, gold, and colors on vellum, 10-1/4" × 8-3/4" (26 × 22.2 cm). Médiathèque d'Épernay, France. MS. 1, fol. 18v. [Fig ]
PAGE WITH ST. MATTHEW THE EVANGELIST, EBBO GOSPELS Gospel of Matthew. Second quarter of 9th century. Ink, gold, and colors on vellum, 10-1/4" × 8-3/4" (26 × 22.2 cm). Médiathèque d'Épernay, France. MS. 1, fol. 18v. [Fig ]

25. A CLOSER LOOK: Psalm 23 in the Utrecht Psalter c. 816-835
A CLOSER LOOK: Psalm 23 in the Utrecht Psalter c Ink on parchment, 13" × 9-7/8" (33 × 25 cm). Utrecht University Library. MS. 32, fol. 13r.
A CLOSER LOOK: Psalm 23 in the Utrecht Psalter c Ink on parchment, 13" × 9-7/8" (33 × 25 cm). Utrecht University Library. MS. 32, fol. 13r.

26. CRUCIFIXION WITH ANGELS AND MOURNING FIGURES, LINDAU GOSPELS Outer cover. c Gold, pearls, sapphires, garnets, and emeralds, 13-3/4" × 10-3/8" (36.9 × 26.7 cm). The Morgan Library and Museum, New York. MS. 1. [Fig ]
CRUCIFIXION WITH ANGELS AND MOURNING FIGURES, LINDAU GOSPELS Outer cover. c Gold, pearls, sapphires, garnets, and emeralds, 13-3/4" × 10-3/8" (36.9 × 26.7 cm). The Morgan Library and Museum, New York. MS. 1. [Fig ]

27. OTTO I PRESENTING MAGDEBURG CATHEDRAL TO CHRIST One of a series of 17 ivory plaques known as the Magdeburg Ivories, possibly carved in Milan. c Ivory, 5" × 4-1/2" (12.7 × 11.4 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of George Blumenthal, 1941 ( ). [Fig ]
OTTO I PRESENTING MAGDEBURG CATHEDRAL TO CHRIST One of a series of 17 ivory plaques known as the Magdeburg Ivories, possibly carved in Milan. c Ivory, 5" × 4-1/2" (12.7 × 11.4 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of George Blumenthal, 1941 ( ). [Fig ]

28. PLAN (A) AND INTERIOR (B), CHURCH OF ST
PLAN (A) AND INTERIOR (B), CHURCH OF ST. CYRIAKUS, GERNRODE Harz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Begun 961; consecrated 973. [Fig a]
PLAN (A) AND INTERIOR (B), CHURCH OF ST. CYRIAKUS, GERNRODE Harz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Begun 961; consecrated 973. [Fig a]

29. PLAN (A) AND INTERIOR (B), CHURCH OF ST
PLAN (A) AND INTERIOR (B), CHURCH OF ST. CYRIAKUS, GERNRODE Harz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Begun 961; consecrated 973. [Fig b]
PLAN (A) AND INTERIOR (B), CHURCH OF ST. CYRIAKUS, GERNRODE Harz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Begun 961; consecrated 973. [Fig b]

30. GERO CRUCIFIX Cologne Cathedral, Germany. c. 970
GERO CRUCIFIX Cologne Cathedral, Germany. c Painted and gilded wood, height of figure 6'2" (1.88 m). [Fig ]
GERO CRUCIFIX Cologne Cathedral, Germany. c Painted and gilded wood, height of figure 6'2" (1.88 m). [Fig ]

31. DOORS OF BISHOP BERNWARD Made for the abbey church of St
DOORS OF BISHOP BERNWARD Made for the abbey church of St. Michael, Hildesheim, Germany Bronze, height 16'6" (5 m). [Fig ]
DOORS OF BISHOP BERNWARD Made for the abbey church of St. Michael, Hildesheim, Germany Bronze, height 16'6" (5 m). [Fig ]

32. PRESENTATION PAGE WITH ABBESS HITDA AND ST
PRESENTATION PAGE WITH ABBESS HITDA AND ST. WALPURGA, HITDA GOSPELS Early 11th century. Ink and colors on vellum, 11-3/8" × 5-5/8" (29 × 14.2 cm). Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Darmstadt. [Fig ]
PRESENTATION PAGE WITH ABBESS HITDA AND ST. WALPURGA, HITDA GOSPELS Early 11th century. Ink and colors on vellum, 11-3/8" × 5-5/8" (29 × 14.2 cm). Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Darmstadt. [Fig ]

33. PAGE WITH CHRIST WASHING THE FEET OF HIS DISCIPLES, GOSPELS OF OTTO III c Ink, gold, and colors on vellum, approx. 8" × 6" (20.5 × 14.5 cm). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich. Clm 4453, fol. 237r. [Fig ]
PAGE WITH CHRIST WASHING THE FEET OF HIS DISCIPLES, GOSPELS OF OTTO III c Ink, gold, and colors on vellum, approx. 8" × 6" (20.5 × 14.5 cm). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich. Clm 4453, fol. 237r. [Fig ]