1. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Presented by: Souleymane Abdallah Economic Affairs Officer, UNECA Introducing the Sectoral African Gender and Development index (AGDI) on Agriculture 20th SESSION OF THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURE STATISTICS 10-13 December 2007, Hilton Hotel, Algiers

2. 2 Presentation’s Outline What is the AGDI? What is the GSI? GSI architecture Why AGDI on agricultural sector Social block Economic block Political bloc Computation of the GSI Country example

3. 3 What Is the AGDI? The African Gender and Development index is a composite index that combines both quantitative and qualitative indicators through its two parts :  The Gender Status Index (GSI) captures quantitatively measurable issues related to gender equality  The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS) measures government policy performance regarding women’s advancement and empowerment

4. 4 What Is the GSI? The Gender Status Index is the quantitative part of the African Gender and Development Index; GSI covers aspects of gender relations that can be measured and provides a quantitative assessment of gender equality; The GSI is based on three blocks: social power ‘capabilities’, economic power ‘opportunities’ and political power ‘agency’.

5. 5 GSI Architecture

6. 6 Why AGDI on agricultural sector? Women constitute the majority of the agricultural workforce Gender statistics in the agricultural sector are critical to understanding the multidimensional aspects of feminized poverty African economies rely heavily on agriculture ECA repositioning AFCAS 2005 recommendation

7. 7 Social Block ComponentSubcomponent Education Health Child health HIV/AIDS burden of household Health status of agricultural workers Social welfare Social welfare services

8. 8 Social Block (Cont’d) SubcomponentAgriculture indicatorsSource of Data EducationBasic literacyNational Demographic Household Surveys Completion of primary school Completion of secondary school Access to tertiary agriculture education/training Child healthRural child health statusNational Demographic Household Surveys - Mortality - StuntingNational health statistics bureau - Underweight HIV/AIDS burden of household Number of PLWAMinistries of Health Health status of agricultural workers Total man days of illness of HHDemographic & Health survey Total man days of illness of sub holders

9. 9 Social Block (Cont’d) SubcomponentAgriculture indicatorsSource of Data Social welfare services Types of housing:Household surveys -Permanent -Non-Permanent Access to potable water by HH Access to modern source of energy Ownership of wealth assets (example bicycles and radios)

10. 10 Economic Block ComponentSub component Gender Profile of Agricultural HouseholdsDemographic characteristics Employment Employment status Division of labour Time Use Access & control over resources Means of production Access to Services Access to water for agricultural purposes Access to information Income Wages Income from agriculture Disposal of output ExpenditureDisposal of income

11. 11 Economic Block (Cont’d) Sub componentIndicatorsSources of Data Demographic characteristics Agricultural populationAgricultural census and surveys Head of Household household dependency ratio of household Main activity of household head Secondary activity household head HH with disabilities Sub Holders with disabilities

12. 12 Economic Block (Cont’d) Employment Employment status EmployerAgricultural census and/or surveys Employee -casual -permanent -seasonal Own account Unpaid family Worker Division of labourAgricultural-relatedAgricultural census and/or surveys -On farm tasks -Post harvest tasks Non-agricultural –relatedAgricultural census and/or surveys Time spent on productive activitiesTime-Use surveys -agricultural Time Use- non-agricultural Time spent on reproductive activities (domestic, care, and community activities) Time-Use surveys Time spent on leisure

13. 13 Economic Block (Cont’d) Access & control over resources Means of production Average area of land ownedAgricultural census and/or surveys Security of tenure (ownership and user rights) Livestock owned (number by type_Agricultural census and/or surveys Ownership of productive assets (example, animals and tools) Access to Services Beneficiaries of agricultural creditsMinistry of Finance, Central Banks Volume of credit Access to extension servicesAgricultural census and/or surveys Access to agricultural training Sex of extension service provider Access to water for agricultural purposes Access to water or irrigationMinistry of Agriculture / Civil Service Distance to water sources Access to informationAccess to market information Chamber of Agriculture

14. 14 Economic Block (Cont’d) Income Wages Average Wages for agricultural productionAgricultural census and/or surveys Average Wage for agro-processingAgricultural census and/or surveys Income from agriculture Value of agricultural outputsAgricultural census and/or surveys Income from agro processing Income from land leasingAgricultural census and/or surveys Disposal of output Sale of agricultural outputAgricultural census and/or surveys Consumption of agricultural outputAgricultural census and/or surveys Expenditure Disposal of income Agricultural related expendituresHousehold data Expenditure on household welfare Food-related expenditure

15. 15 Political Block ComponentSubcomponent Access to decision makingHousehold Public sector ParticipationCivil society Private sector

16. 16 Political Block (Cont’d) ComponentSub- component IndicatorsSource of Data Access to Decision making HouseholdMembership of farmers organisations of HHAgricultural surveys Membership of farmers organisations of sub holders Decision making in production activities of HH Decision making on returns (utilization of output or income) of HH Public sectorRepresentation in Agricultural decision making: -Directors -Committees of ParliamentRecords of State and local Budget Offices -Judiciary Representation in Budget Committees: -Agricultural Institutions -Finance Departments Representation in management of Agricultural institutions (Class A programme managers)

17. 17 Political Block (Cont’d) ComponentSub- component Source of Data ParticipationCivil societyManagers of farmers associationsRecords of active local CSOs Managers of agriculture related NGOSRecords of Trade associations Managers of Community Development Associations.Register of agribusinesses Managers of agricultural Co-operative societiesRegister of farmer cooperatives Private sectorManagers of agribusiness organisations Managers of private financial institutions Managers of agriculture input services

18. 18 Computation of the GSI Guiding principles: Each basic indicator has the same weight in each sub-component; Each sub-component has the same weight in each component; Each component of the GSI has the same weight in each block; Finally, each block has the same weight in the GSI.

19. 19 Computation of the GSI (Cont’d) For each variable, the indicator of gender equality is calculated the same way: Comparison (ratio) of female achievement to male achievement. The closer the indicator is to 1, the better the performance on gender equality is in the country: Example: Primary enrolment rate for girls: 65% Primary enrolment rate for boys: 80% Enrolment rate indicator: 65/80 = 0.8125

20. 20 Computation of the GSI (Cont’d) The value for each sub-component, component and block is calculated as the simple arithmetic mean of respectively the indicators, sub-components and components. The GSI is then compiled as the mean of the three blocks to give the overall gender profile of the country.

21. 21 Computation of the GSI (Cont’d) Exceptions (Reverse indicators): Some indicators do not follow the rule: These are reverse indicators such as stunting, underweight, mortality and time-use (domestic, care and volunteer activities): Here we measure male achievement versus female achievement. If an indicator is missing, the other indicators of the sub-component are re-weighted, to take account of the actual number of available indicators.

22. 22 Country Example BlockComponent Sub- component Indicator Data WomenMenIndicator Social power ‘Capabi lities’ Education Enrolment Primary enrolment rate 49.750.30.988 Secondary enrolment rate 46.253.80.858 Tertiary enrolment rate 27730.370 Dropout Primary dropout ratio29.923.10.773 Secondary dropout ratio15.919.91.252 Literacy Ability to read and write 45.754.30.842 Primary school completed 46.953.10.883 Health Child health Stunting under 3 27.0%32.8%1.215 Underweight under 3 21.6%22.6%1.046 Mortality under 5 108 per 1000 111 per 1000 1.028 Life expectancy at birth 59.857.91.033 New HIV infection 6,2234,2530.683 Time spent out of work --- Economi c power ‘Opport unities’ Income Wages Wages in agriculture64,008100,4640.637 Wages in civil service 191,234352,5960.542 Wages in formal sector 148,052236,5260.626 Wages in informal sector 130,049157,8830.824 Income Income from informal enterprise 274,429169,4910.618 Income from small agricultural household enterprise 95,937164,6580.583 Income from remittances and inter- household transfers 381,512136,3882.797 Time-use or employment Time-use Time spent in market economic activities (as paid employee, own-account or employer) 35.8 hrs per week 41.0 hrs per week 0.873 (hours per week) Time spent in non market economic activities or as unpaid family worker in market economic activities 30.5 hours per week 38.9 hrs per week 0.784 hours per week Time spent in domestic, care and volunteer activities 49.0 hours per week 29.26 hours per week 0.597hours per week Employment Or: Share of paid employees, own- account workers and employers in total employment 4,483,0214,556,2970.984 Access to resources Means of production Ownership of rural/urban plots/houses or land 6,155,6245,978,2771.030 Access to credit23,68849,9780.474 Freedom to dispose of own income 73%1000.730 Management Employers 3,809,8923,900,4650.977 High civil servants (class A) 444000.110 Members of professional syndicates 98577140.128 Administrative, scientific and technical 275,491424,0380.650 Political power ‘Agency ’ Public sector _____________ Civil society Members of parliament181020.176 Cabinet ministers 2190.105 Higher courts judges 18870.207 Members of local councils 99654290.184 Higher positions in civil service (including government institutions, regional governors and ambassadors) 1409510.147 Senior position s in Political parties 8600.133 Trade unions 251800.139 Employers’ associations 11420.262 Professional syndicates5330.152 Heads or managers of NGOs 1474440.331 Heads of community-based associations or unions 1474440.331

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