1. BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostics Challenges in the FAIR project at GSI The FAIR project - a Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Planning of FAIR beam diagnostics done by Peter Forck and Andreas Peters together with the GSI BD group and collaborators

2. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 2 Outline  The FAIR project – a short introduction to the accelerator parameters and the facility layout and operation modes as well as the research aims  Challenges in the accelerator parameters  Linked general challenges for the beam diagnostic equipment (diversity and dynamics)  Examples of beam diagnostic challenges in detail and R&D for possible solutions:  Current measurement in SIS100 from dc to short single bunch operation  BPM systems for the cryogenic synchrotrons with varying acceleration frequencies  Turn-by-turn profile measurement (RGM) in synchrotrons and storage rings with high repetition rates (MHz) under UHV conditions  Summary and outlook

3. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 3 FAIR – Basic Layout and Parameters (1) Beams now: Z = 1 – 92 (protons to uranium) up to 2 GeV/nucleon Some beam cooling Beams now: Z = 1 – 92 (protons to uranium) up to 2 GeV/nucleon Some beam cooling 100 m Today Future Project Beams in the future: Intensity: 100 – 1000 fold Species: Z = -1 – 92 (anti-protons to uranium) Energies: up to 35 - 45 GeV/u Precision: full beam cooling Beams in the future: Intensity: 100 – 1000 fold Species: Z = -1 – 92 (anti-protons to uranium) Energies: up to 35 - 45 GeV/u Precision: full beam cooling

4. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 4 FAIR – Basic Layout and Parameters (2) Final facility layout with all planned buildings Tunnel for SIS100/300 at a depth of about 17m to comply with the requirements of radiation safety

5. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 5 FAIR – Basic Layout and Parameters (3) Injector chain 100 m Main synchrotrons of FAIR: SIS100, 2T, pulsed sc. magnets, 29 GeV, 4·10 13 protons, 25 ns 2.7 GeV/u, 10 12 U 28+ -ions, 60 ns SIS300, 6T, pulsed sc. magnets, 34 GeV/u, 4·10 11 U 92+ -ions, slow extraction (1 – 100 s) Main synchrotrons of FAIR: SIS100, 2T, pulsed sc. magnets, 29 GeV, 4·10 13 protons, 25 ns 2.7 GeV/u, 10 12 U 28+ -ions, 60 ns SIS300, 6T, pulsed sc. magnets, 34 GeV/u, 4·10 11 U 92+ -ions, slow extraction (1 – 100 s) Booster synchrotron SIS18: 2.7·10 11 U 28+ -ions, 2.7 Hz 5.4·10 12 protons, 4 Hz Booster synchrotron SIS18: 2.7·10 11 U 28+ -ions, 2.7 Hz 5.4·10 12 protons, 4 Hz UNILAC (upgraded): 15 emA U 28+, 11.4 Mev/u UNILAC (upgraded): 15 emA U 28+, 11.4 Mev/u p-Linac (new): 70 mA, 70 MeV p-Linac (new): 70 mA, 70 MeV

6. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 6 FAIR – Basic Layout and Parameters (4) 100 m HESR: stoch. cooling up to 14 GeV antiprotons, e-cooling up to 9 GeV, internal target HESR: stoch. cooling up to 14 GeV antiprotons, e-cooling up to 9 GeV, internal target Targets and storage rings of FAIR: SFRS Target CR: stochastic cooling of RIBs, and antiprotons, mass spectr. RESR: accumulation of anti- protons, fast decel. of RIBs NESR: e-cooling of RIBs and and antiprotons, precise mass spectr., e-n scattering facility CR: stochastic cooling of RIBs, and antiprotons, mass spectr. RESR: accumulation of anti- protons, fast decel. of RIBs NESR: e-cooling of RIBs and and antiprotons, precise mass spectr., e-n scattering facility Antiproton Target

7. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 7 Scheme of FAIR Parallel Operation

8. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 8 Research Areas at FAIR 100 m Hadron Physics with antiprotons Nuclear Structure & Astrophysics with radioactive beams Plasma Physics with compressed ion beams & high- intensity petawatt- laser High EM Field (HI) --- Fundamental Studies (HI & p) Applications (HI) Nuclear Matter Physics with 35-45 GeV/u HI beams

9. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 9 Challenges in the Accelerator Parameters (1)  Fast cycling superconducting magnets: For SIS 100 superconducting magnets (2 T) with 4 T/s ramping rate are required. SIS 300 will be equipped with 6 T (1 T/s) dipole magnets. The optimization of the magnet field quality for low loss, high current operation with beams filling large parts of the acceptance is of great importance.  Control of the dynamic vacuum pressure caused by beam loss induced desorption of heavy molecules, which can cause the rapid increase of the residual gas pressure  a novel collimation concept is presently under test at the SIS18.  Cooled secondary beams: Fast electron and stochastic cooling at medium and at high energies will be essential for experiments with exotic ions and with antiprotons.  High RF voltage gradients: The fast acceleration and bunch compression of intense heavy-ion beams down to ~60 nanosecond bunch length (protons: ~25 ns) requires compact RF systems. Complex RF manipulations with minimum phase space dilution and the reduction of the total beam loading in the RF systems are important R&D issues.  Operation with high brightness, high current beams: The synchrotrons will operate close to the space charge limits with tolerable beam losses of the order of a few percent. The control of collective instabilities and the reduction of the ring impedances is a subject for the R&D phase.

10. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 10 Challenges in the Accelerator Parameters (2) Straight section of the synchrotron tunnel with a shielded small recess building Cross section of the synchrotron tunnel with an inner size of 5 x 4 m 2, SIS100 (bottom) and SIS300 (top) cryostats are shown with cryogenic bypass lines (yellow)

11. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 11 General Challenges for Beam Diagnostics (1)  Despite quite different beam parameters of the FAIR synchrotrons and storage rings, common realizations of SIS100, SIS300 and all storage ring diagnostics are mandatory to save man-power and costs during the R&D phase and enable a cost reduction due to the large quantities during the construction phase.  Large dynamic range, e.g. in SIS100: from low currents beams for adjustments up to space charge limited intensities of heavy ions, from long bunches at injections up to short pulses after bunch rotation / compression.  Because the acceptance was limited to 3*emittance (KV-Distribution) in the synchrotrons and 2*emittance in the transfer lines, a precise alignment of the beam in the vacuum pipe is strongly advised. The beam diagnostics system has to allow a precise orbit measurement and the capability for online feedback on the closed orbit, on the betatron tune, on chromaticity and on coupling.  If the loss budget in the superconducting synchrotrons is only a few percent, current measurements with high accuracy (~10 -4 ) for controlling beam losses are mandatory.

12. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 12 General Challenges for Beam Diagnostics (2)  Due to the compactness of all accelerators the repetition rates are quite high (up to the MHz region), which is a challenging task e.g. for turn-by-turn profile measurements based on a RGM system.  Additional constraints have to be fulfilled, which are sometimes challenging:  installations in cryogenic parts of the accelerators,  UHV conditions (pressure: 5×10 -12 mbar) and  high radiation levels.  The complex, „quasi-parallel“ operation scheme demands a highly reliable and flexible data acquisition system adapted to the fast pulsed machines parameters.  Complicated scheme of transport lines with high diversity of magnetic rigidities.

13. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 13 General Challenges for Beam Diagnostics (3)  Schematic view of FAIR beam transport lines  Total length of about 2350 m of all beam lines (excluding Antiproton-Separator, FLAIR beam lines,...), divided in 46 sections with differing parameters.  In the transfer lines the high dynamic range of intensities and energies as well as ion species leads to the necessity of destructive measurement methods needed for low currents and in parallel to non- destructive devices for high currents which would destroy any material in the beam optical path.

14. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 14 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in Detail  Examples of beam diagnostic challenges concerning the ring accelerators in detail and R&D for possible solutions: (1) Current measurement in SIS100 from dc to short single bunch operation (operating bandwidth of 10 kHz) (2) BPM systems for the cryogenic synchrotron environment with varying acceleration frequencies (3) Turn-by-turn profile measurement (RGM) in synchrotrons and storage rings with high repetition rates (MHz) under UHV conditions

15. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 15 Current Measurement in SIS100 (a) Injection (4*stacking)ProtonsU 28+ N max 4*10 13 5*10 11 E [MeV/u] / t rev [µs]2000 / 3.8192 / 8.72 I coasting /I bunch [A]1.6 / 80.28 / 1.45 After acceleration E [GeV/u] / t rev [µs]26 / 3.622.38 / 3.76 I coasting /I bunch [A]1.8 / 8.80.6 / 3.2 After bunch merging & compression (h: 8  1, bunch length 25/60 ns) I coasting /I bunch [A]1.8 / 3841.2 / 57 Theoretical upper limits of currents in SIS100

16. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 16 Current Measurement in SIS100 (b) Solutions: a) Use the NPCT of Bergoz; an installation in SIS18 is scheduled for August 2006 and tests starting in October 2006 – Question: Will the feedback loop of the NPCT work stable under high current bunched beam condition (bunch frequency of some MHz) ? Severe problem of GSI DCCT: Above specific levels of beam current and/or revolution frequency the loop starts to oscillate (right). Mostly it gets back control. But: Did it settle to the correct working point ?

17. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 17 Current Measurement in SIS100 (c) Solutions: b) Design of an alternative current measurement based on the idea of a clip-on ampere-meter with a GMR sensor in the gap of a toroidal core (collaboration with University of Kassel, Germany). Simulated magnetic flux in a slit toroidal coreScheme of an clip-on ampere-meter

18. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 18 Current Measurement in SIS100 (d) Assuming a measurement bandwidth of 10 kHz, the resolution of different GMR sensors is in the order of ~100 nT Resolution measurement of different GMR sensors (by NVE corporation)

19. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 19 Current Measurement in SIS100 (e) Data sheet characteristics: Saturation field: 10 mT Specified linear range:± 0 – 7 mT Operating frequency: dc  1 MHz Example for the DC characteristics of a GMR sensor (NVE AA005) Measurements concerning high frequency behaviour are under way !

20. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 20 Current Measurement in SIS100 (f) Construction of a first test set-up with a split core (either VITROVAC 6025 F or CMD 5005 from CMI ferrite) and two gaps for sensor positioning to be built in SIS18 in autumn 2006 Due to the two half shells an installation without vacuum break is possible! Existing SIS18 DCCT with added new core Details

21. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 21 BPM development - detector (a) Curved section of SIS100 Straight section of SIS100

22. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 22 Apertures/mm: horizontal = 268 vertical = 116 length = 350 separation rings on the ground potential simulated beam BPM development – detector (b) Different types of BPMs are necessary: SIS100 version: elliptical, cryogenic SIS300 version: round, cryogenic Storage rings: large aperture up to 300 mm, normal temperature env., but high bakeout temperatures Position sensitivity and linearity: For shoe-box type calculated Δx(f) = K(f) * Δ/Σ+ offset(f)  Careful mechanical design (high f by bunch-compression) R&D: Matching RF- and cyrogenic requirements Starting point: ESR BPM Necessity of guard rings (1)

23. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 23 BPM development – detector (c) Necessity of guard rings (2)  Cross talk between plates in one plane (should be low!) Simulations on ESR type: GeometryStructure on ceramicsMetal plates no guard ring 1mm gap -5.1dB-7.9dB no guard ring 2mm gap -8.1dB-10.8dB with guard ring -20.8dB-22.5dB separation rings on the ground potential Metal plates seem to be the better choice, but:  Mechanical stability of an arrangement of numerous single metal plates is poor due to experience from collaborators in Dubna (Nuclotron)!  Structure on ceramics chosen!

24. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 24 BPM development – detector (d) Present layout of SIS100 BPM version (elliptical shape) BPM parameters: Capacity: ~ 100 pF Length: 30 cm For maximal beam current i.e. N z 4x10 13 e/bunch and bunch length of 25 ns:  Q m =4.3 x 10 -7 C  U=4.3 kV For minimal beam current i.e. N z 4x10 8 e/bunch and bunch length of 60 ns:  Q m =4.4 x 10 -13 C  U=4.4 mV  Barrier bucket behaviour (long bunches!) not studied until now!  Further adjustment of parameters needed!

25. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 25 BPM development – analog electronics (e) In the case of SIS100/300 the hybrid must most likely positioned in the cryogenic area! From CS J. Belleman (from CERN-PS)

26. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 26 BPM – data acquisition and analysis (f) Behind the amplifier chain no additional analog signal treating  direct digitization! Common EU-FP6-initiative of GSI, CERN and Instrumentation Technologies for a digital data evaluation platform for fast cycling hadron machines with varying frequencies: Main board4 channel ADC input board Scheme of Libera electronics

27. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 27 BPM development – data acquisition and analysis (g) Two different approaches for data evaluation are under development now:  CERN: digital version of classical base line restoring and PLL implementation using RF frequency input and phase tables  GSI: Free running algorithm with the following implementation: PU signal Libera ADC Averaging for noise reduction, using a median filter with a short length of 5 taps Summing of each data sample at the input -> gate construction using the fact that the data between 2 bunches should have a linear trend FPGA Integration over each bunch using the constructed gates SBC Position calculation outside the FPGA due to floating point limitation

28. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 28 BPM development – data acquisition and analysis (h) Results of offline implementation/calculation: Both methods (CERN/GSI) are under development and implementation in FPGA code; test are foreseen in the 2nd half of 2006 ! Measurement in SIS18  harmonic number = 4

29. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 29 RGM Development – Requirements (a) Parameters given by the machines: Revolution frequency in SIS 100/300: 110 – 280 kHz in the Storage Rings: 125 kHz – 1.4 MHz Beam pipe apertures: in SIS 100/300: 135 * 65 mm 2, resp. 90 mm in diameter (SIS300) in the Storage Rings: up to 300 mm in diameter adaptive spatial resolution down to 0.1 mm (rel. 1%) necessary due to cooled beams Transversal measurement range: ~ 100 mm Turn-by-turn readout necessary e.g. for matching of the injected beam emittance orientation and dispersion setting with respect to the acceptance Detection of secondary e - /ions (  conversion with e.g. phosphor P47), thus E-field (E  50 V/mm, 1% in-homogeneity) and B-field for guidance (B  0.03 T, 1% in-homogeneity)  compact because of limited space Read-Out Modes: a) high resolution measurement on ms time scale with CCD camera b) turn-by-turn: array of ~100 photo-diodes or multi-anode PM or SiPM

30. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 30 RGM development – mechanical design (b) First design of RGM with magnets, but the following changes are necessary: Possibility of change between CCD and multi-diode readout Due to low magnetic rigidities in the storage rings compensations of the applied magnetic fields of the RGM are necessary  more complex magnet installations Alternative design with permanent magnets is under calculation at ITEP, Moscow First test of RGM version with CCD readout, but without magnetic field are foreseen in collaboration with FZ Jülich at their COSY proton storage ring in the 2 nd half of 2006!

31. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 31 RGM development – turn-by-turn readout (c) Alternative sensor for turn-by-turn readout: Silicon Photomultiplier (B. DOLGOSHEIN et al., MEPI, Moscow) First commercial sensor on the market (www.SensL.com)www.SensL.com Up to 10 3 silicon micro pixels per mm 2, dimensions scalable

32. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 32 The Most Challenging Part of the FAIR Project... Realisation/Stage Plan 2007 (start of final design) 2014 Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3

33. Andreas Peters, Peter Forck BIW `06, May 1st 2006 Beam Diagnostic Challenges in the FAIR Project 33 Acknowledgement Instead of a summary: Thanks to all colleagues and collaborators contributing to this talk with their papers and pictures! Thanks to our small technical review board (Tom Shea and Hermann Schmickler) for valuable discussion and their consulting! Thanks for your attention!