1. LAND PLANTS AND THEIR EVOLUTION Chapter 19 Characteristics of Plants  Multicellular autotrophs  Cell wall of cellulose  Food stored as starch  Evolved from green algae  Primarily terrestrial

4. PROBLEMS OF LIFE ON LAND PROBLEMSOLUTION Obtain water Roots and root hairs Transport water, food Xylemphloem Prevent dessication Cutin, drop leaves, stomates Gravity Cell walls, lignin, xylem Obtain CO2 Stomates ReproducePollen—sperm Protect Embryo Seeds, Fruit

5. Plant Kingdom Non VascularVascular Bryophytes Tracheophytes MossesLiverworts

6. BRYOPHYTES Mosses and Liverworts Mosses and Liverworts 1.No vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) 2.No true roots, stems, flowers or leaves 3.Tiny! 4.Water is required for fertilization 5.Gametophyte generation is dominant.

7. MOSS ANATOMY  Antheridium: Reproductive structure that makes sperm  Archegonium: Reproductive structure that makes eggs  Protonema: A filament that grows into a new plant

8. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS  GAMETOPHYTE: plant generation that produces gametes  SPOROPHYTE: Plant generation that produces spores

9. Plant Life Cycle ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS 2Nn Diploidhaploid

10. MOSS LIFE CYCLE: Alternation of Generations

11. Antheridia and Archegonia

12. Figure 29.16x Moss life cycle

14. Figure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tip

15. MOSS PROTONEMA Haploid or diploid?

16. Figure 29.16x Moss life cycle

17. Figure 29.19 Sphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), closeup of Sphagnum (bottom left), Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)

18. Figure 29.19x A peat moss bog in Norway

20. Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 1)

21. Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 2)

22. Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 3)

23. LIVERWORT THALLUS (LEAF-LIKE BODY)

24. GEMMAE CUPS: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

25. Female liverworts with archegonia  This is a female liverwort.

26. Male liverworts with antheridia  Gemmae cups

27. What Sex are these liverworts?