1. How does moss utilize water?
Why is moss so short?
How does moss utilize water?
Where are you likely to find moss? Why is this the case?

2. How is the fern more advanced than the moss?
How is the fern more advanced than the moss?
In terms of height, how does the fern compare to moss and the pine tree?

3. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms The Seed Plants

4. Gymnosperms Seeded land plants Contain an ovule & seed
Pollinate for reproduction – male non-flagellated pollen grains (wind dispersal)
Contain a “naked seed” NOT contained within an ovary.

5. Gymnosperm Life Cycle The diploid (sporophyte) stage produces cones.
Male and female cones (the reproductive structures) produce two different kinds of haploid spores:
microspores (male) and
megaspores (female).
These spores give rise to gametophytes of the same sex, which in turn produce the gametes.
Fertilization occurs when pollen grains are carried to the open end of an ovule.

7. 4 Gymnosperm Divisions
Pinophyta or Coniferophyta (pines, firs, spruces)
Cycadophyta (cycads)
Ginkophyta (ginko)
Gnetophyta (a mix of traits found in the three previous divisions AND they contain some angiosperm traits, the “dumping” ground)

8. Pinophyta or Coniferophyta
woody plants, usually trees
wood compact
Many have woody cones

9. Pinophyta/Coniferophyta
All other pinophytes are more common
for example: Pines, firs, spruce, even giant redwoods

10. Cycads Possess large cones
Found in Florida and Australia (possibly others)
palmlike plants
leaves usually pinnately compound
11 existing genera
Dioecious (separate sexed plants)

11. Ginkgophyta Only one living species- the “supposed” oldest tree around
fan-shaped leaves, bilobed or with more lobes,
Found initially in China and now all-over
dioecious

12. The Angiosperms (Anthophyta)
260,000 living species classified in 453 families

13. Angiosperm Characteristics
Angiosperms, although very diverse all share several common characteristics:
Ovules that are enclosed within a flower
Double fertilization, which leads to the formation of an endosperm
Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs

14. Monocots v. Dicots DICOTS MONOCOTS Two cotyledons (seed leaf)
Netlike venation
Flower parts in multiples of 4’s of 5’s
Vascular bundles are in rings
Secondary (woody) growth
Root develops from radicle, often a tap root
MONOCOTS
One cotyledon (seed leaf)
Parallel (usually) venation
Flower parts in multiples of 3’s
Scattered arrangement of vascular bundles
No secondary growth
Roots are adventitious, often fibrous

16. Monocot – scattered bundles Dicot –bundles arranged in rings
Corn Stem
Monocot – scattered bundles
Medicago Plant
Dicot –bundles arranged in rings

17. ringed array of vascular bundles in this
Rananculus
Dicot – Root
X-shaped xylem
Corn Root
Monocot
ringed array of vascular bundles in this

18. Angiosperm Reproduction
Meiosis in the sporophyte generation produces two kinds of spores.
microspores
which will germinate and develop into the male gametophyte generation and
megaspores
will develop into the female gametophyte generation.
Flowers develop from flower buds.