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Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants
Charophyceans Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms
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30 nm
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http://botit. botany. wisc
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Chara, a pond organism (a) 10 mm Coleochaete orbicularis, a disk- shaped charophycean (LM) (b) 40 µm
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Figure 29.3 Apical meristems of plant shoots and roots
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Figure 29.4 Embryos of land plants: Marchantia (left), Shepherd's purse (right)
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Figure 29.6 Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme
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Figure A fern spore
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Figure 29.9 Gametangia: Archegonium of Marchantia (left), Anteridium of a hornwort (right)
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Figure 29.10 Cuticle of a stem from Psilotum (a pteridophyte)
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Figure 29.11 The stem of Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)
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Plantae Streptophyta Viridiplantae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Embryophytes Ancestral alga
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Table 29.1 Ten Phyla of Extant Plants
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Figure Bryophytes
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Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 3)
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Figure 29.16x Moss life cycle
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Figure Sphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), closeup of Sphagnum (bottom left), Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)
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Seedless vascular plants
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants Vascular plants Land plants Origin of seed plants (about 360 mya) Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) Ancestral green alga Charophyceans Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperms
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Vascular tissue Microphylls, such as those of lycophytes, may have originated as small stem outgrowths supported by single, unbranched strands of vascular tissue. (a) Megaphylls, which have branched vascular systems, may have evolved by the fusion of branched stems. (b)
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Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production
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Figure 29.23x2 Life cycle of a fern: sorus
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Figure 29.21x1 Lycophyte
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Figure Pteridophytes: club "moss" (top left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right)
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Homosporous spore production Heterosporous spore production
Sporangium in sporophyll Single type of spore Typically a bisexual gametophyte Eggs Heterosporous spore production Megasporangium in megasporophyll Megaspore Female Microsporangium in microsporophyll Microspore Male Sperm
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Figure 29.21x2 Horsetail
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Figure 29.23 The life cycle of a fern
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Figure 29.23x6 Life cycle of a fern: gametophyte
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Figure 29.24a Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production
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