2. AP Biology 2007-2008 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya

3. AP Biology The first plants  For more than 3 billion years, Earth’s terrestrial surface was lifeless  life evolved in the seas  1st photosynthetic organisms were cyanobacteria Chlamydomonas

4. AP Biology Present day relatives to ancient plants Spirogyra Coleochaete Chara Volvox Protists

5. AP Biology Evolution of Land Plants  500 mya land plants evolved  special adaptations for life on dry land  protection from drying = desiccation  waxy cuticle  gas exchange (through cuticle)  stomates  water & nutrient conducting systems  xylem & phloem  protection for embryo  seeds

6. AP Biology Chemical Adaptations Cuticle – helps prevent excess water loss Lignin – hardens the cell walls of woody tissues Sporopollenin - resilient polymer in spore/pollen walls Glycosides (poisons) – bad tasting and or poisonous chemicals – protection from herbivores

7. AP Biology Reproductive Adaptations: Evolving a way to prevent dessication of gametes and embryos  Gametangia are organs, found in mosses and ferns, in which gametes are produced and helps prevent desiccation of ova and sperm  The sperm are produced in a structure called the antheridium  The ovum is fertilized within a structure called the archegonium  The zygote develops into an embryo that is retained for a while within the female gametangia’s jacket of protective cells  Developing algae embryos are not retained or protected  This reproductive difference between algae and plants is so pronounced that plants are sometimes referred to as embryophytes

8. AP Biology Plant Diversity Bryophytes non-vascular land plants Pteridophytes seedless vascular plants Gymnosperm pollen & “naked” seeds Angiosperm flowers & fruit pollen & seeds vascular system = water conduction Mosses Liverworts Ferns Club Mosses Horsetails conifers flowering plants colonization of land Tracheophytes xylem cells = tracheids Ancestral Protist flowers

9. AP Biology Animal vs. Plant life cycle diploid multicellular individual 2n diploid multicellular sporophyte 2n haploid multicellular gametophyte 1n haploid unicellular gametes 1n gametes 1n AnimalPlant alternation of generations meiosis fertilization mitosis fertilization mitosis no multicellular haploid meiosis spores 1n zygote 2n

10. AP Biology First land plants  Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts  non-vascular  no water transport system  no true roots  swimming sperm  flagellated sperm  lifecycle dominated by haploid gametophyte stage  fuzzy moss plant you are familiar with is haploid  spores for reproduction  haploid cells which sprout to form gametophyte diploidhaploid Where must mosses live?

11. AP Biology Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts

12. AP Biology Liverwort – Marchantia

13. AP Biology Polytrichum Moss

14. AP Biology Moss Life Cycle  Moss Protonema

15. AP Biology Club Mosses, Horsetails, & Ferns The First Vascular Plants  Club Moss Horsetail Fern

16. AP Biology First vascular plants  Pteridophytes: ferns  vascular  water transport system  xylem, phloem, roots, leaves  swimming sperm  flagellated sperm  life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage  leafy fern plant you are familiar with is diploid  fragile independent gametophyte (prothallus)  spores for reproduction  haploid cells which sprout to form gametophyte diploid Where must ferns live? haploid

17. AP Biology Alternation of generations  Fern gametophyte (1n)  small haploid plant which produces gametes  homospory: male & female on same plant archegonia antheridia

18. AP Biology diploid Alternation of generations haploid produces male & female gametes archegonia antheridia

19. AP Biology Fern Life Cycle

20. AP Biology Plant Evolution

21. AP Biology Early Vascular Plants: Tree Ferns & Club Mosses Carboniferous forest – 290-350 mya Forests of seedless plants decayed into deposits of coal & oil Fossil fuels… I get it!

22. AP Biology Pteridophytes: Tree ferns fronds fiddleheads With fronds like these who needs enemies!