1. Concepts of Database Management Seventh Edition Chapter 3 The Relational Model 2: SQL

2. Objectives Introduce Structured Query Language (SQL) Use simple and compound conditions in SQL Use computed fields in SQL Use built-in SQL functions Use subqueries in SQL 2

3. Objectives (continued) Group records in SQL Join tables using SQL Perform union operations in SQL Use SQL to update database data Use an SQL query to create a table in a database 3

4. Introduction SQL (Structured Query Language) –Allows users to query a relational database –Must enter commands to obtain the desired results –Standard language for relational database manipulation 4

5. Getting Started with SQL If you are completing the work in this chapter using Microsoft Office Access 2007, Microsoft Office Access 2010, or MySQL version 4.1 or higher, the following sections contain specific information about your DBMS 5

6. Getting Started with Microsoft Office Access 2007 and 2010 If you are using the Access 2007 or 2010 version of the Premiere Products database provided with the Data Files for this text: –Tables in the database have already been created –You will not need to execute the CREATE TABLE commands to create the tables or the INSERT commands to add records to the tables 6

7. Getting Started with Microsoft Office Access 2007 and 2010 (continued) To execute SQL commands shown in the figures in Access 2007 or Access 2010: –Open the Premiere Products database –Click the Create tab on the Ribbon –Click the Query Design button in the Other group –Click the Close button in the Show Table dialog box –Click the View button arrow in the Results group on the Query Design Tools tab, then click SQL View –The Query1 tab displays the query in SQL view, ready for you to type your SQL commands 7

8. Getting Started with MySQL MySQL-Premiere script provided with the Data Files for this text will: –Activate the database –Create the tables –Insert the records To run a script in MySQL: –Type the SOURCE command followed by the name of the file –Press the Enter key 8

9. Getting Started with MySQL (continued) Before typing commands in MySQL, you must activate the database by typing the USE command followed by the name of the database The most recent command entered in MySQL is stored in a special area of memory called the statement history 9

10. Table Creation SQL CREATE TABLE command –Creates a table by describing its layout Typical restrictions placed on table and column names by DBMS –Names cannot exceed 18 characters –Names must start with a letter –Names can contain only letters, numbers, and underscores (_) –Names cannot contain spaces 10

11. Table Creation (continued) INTEGER –Number without a decimal point SMALLINT –Uses less space than INTEGER DECIMAL(p,q) –P number of digits; q number of decimal places CHAR(n) –Character string n places long DATE –Dates in DD-MON-YYYY or MM/DD/YYYY form 11

12. Simple Retrieval SELECT-FROM-WHERE: SQL retrieval command –SELECT clause: lists fields to display –FROM clause: lists table or tables that contain data to display in query results –WHERE clause (optional): lists any conditions to be applied to the data to retrieve Simple condition: field name, a comparison operator, and either another field name or a value 12

13. Simple Retrieval (continued) 13 Retrieving all fields and all records –Syntax: SELECT * FROM –Example 1: SELECT * FROM Customer –Example 2: SELECT * FROM Rep Retrieving specific field(s) Syntax: SELECT,,.. FROM Example 1: SELECT Customername, City, State FROM Customer Example 2: SELECT Repnum, Lastname, Firstname, Commission, Rate FROM Rep

14. Non-Graded Exercise 14 1.Show all the fields and records from Rep table 2.Show all fields and records Part table 3.Show the Last name and First name of all Sales Rep from Rep table 4.Show the Part number, Description, On Hand Quantity and Price from Part table

15. Simple Retrieval – Filtering Records 15 Filtering records to retrieve using WHERE clause –Syntax: SELECT * FROM –Example 1: (Filtering records with a Text/String field) SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE City=‘Grove’ –Example 2: (Filtering records with a Numeric field) SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE CreditLimit=7500 –Example 3: (Filtering records using specific fields) SELECT Customername, City WHERE City = ‘Grove’ –Example 4: (Filtering records using not equal) SELECT * FROM City WHERE City <> ‘Fillmore’ –Note : If it is a string or a text the value should have a quote like in ‘Grove’ but if it is numeric do not put a quote.

16. Simple Retrieval (continued) FIGURE 3-6: SQL query with WHERE condition 16

17. Simple Retrieval (continued) FIGURE 3-7: Query results 17

18. Relational Operators 18 OperatorDescriptionExample >Greater ThanAge>20 <Less thanAge<21 =EqualCity=‘Grove’ >=Greater than or EqualCreditLimit >= 10000 <=Less than or EqualBalance<=5000 <>Not EqualCity <> ‘Grove’ DatabaseExample MS AccessOrderDate = #10/21/2013# MySQLOrderDate = DATE(‘2013-10-21’) Date Comparisons

19. Non-Graded Exercise 19 1.Show all Customers that comes from the City of Altonville from Customer table 2.Show all products from Part table whose class is AP 3.Show all Customers whose Balance is greater than 7000 from Customer table 4.Show all Customers whose Credit Limit is above or equal to 7500 from Customer table 5.Show all Customers whose balance is less than 500 from Customer table 6.Show all orders from Orders table whose order is beyond 10/20/2013

20. Compound Conditions Compound condition –Connecting two or more simple conditions using one or both of the following operators: AND and OR –Preceding a single condition with the NOT operator Connecting simple conditions using AND operator –All of the simple conditions must be true for the compound condition to be true Connecting simple conditions using OR operator –Any of the simple conditions must be true for the compound condition to be true 20

21. AND – Truth Table In order for AND to be true all conditions/expressions should be true 21 Condition 1Condition 2Result False TrueFalse TrueFalse True

22. AND – Truth Table (Example) Example : Age>20 AND State=‘Pohnpei’ 22 AgeStateResult/Answer 20ChuukFalse 21YapFalse 19PohnpeiFalse 21PohnpeiTrue

23. OR – Truth Table In order for OR to be True at least one conditions/expressions should be true 23 Condition 1Condition 2Result False True FalseTrue

24. OR – Truth Table (Example) Example : Age>20 OR State=‘Pohnpei’ 24 AgeStateResult/Answer 20ChuukFalse 21YapTrue 19PohnpeiTrue 21PohnpeiTrue

25. Compound Conditions (continued) FIGURE 3-16: Query results FIGURE 3-15: Compound condition that uses the AND operator 25

26. Compound Conditions (continued) FIGURE 3-18: Query results FIGURE 3-17: Compound condition that uses the OR operator 26

27. Non-Graded Exercise 27 1.Show all products from Part table whose class is AP and its price is above $400 2.Show all Customers that comes from either the City of Fillmore or Grove from Customer table 3.Show all Customers whose Credit Limit is $7,500 but its Balance is above $5,000 from Customer table 4.Show all products whose warehouse is from either 1 or 2 5.Show all products whose On hand quantity is above 20 and coming from Warehouse no. 3

28. Compound Conditions (continued) Preceding a condition by NOT operator –Reverses the truth or falsity of the original condition BETWEEN operator –Value must be between the listed numbers 28

29. Compound Conditions (continued) 29 Using NOT operator –Example 1: SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE NOT City=‘Grove’ –Example 2: SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE NOT CreditLimit=10000 Using BETWEEN operator –Example 1: SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE Balance BETWEEN 5000 AND 10000 –Example 2: SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Orderdate BETWEEN #10/20/2013# AND #10/21/2013

30. Non-Graded Exercise 30 1.Show all products from Part whose Class is not from AP 2.Show all products from Part whose Warehouse is not from Warehouse number 3 3.Show all customers from Customer whose sales representative is not Repnum no. 65 4.Show all products from Part whose Price is from $300 to $600. 5.Show all products from Part whose On hand quantity is from 20 to 50

31. Computed Fields Computed field or calculated field –Field whose values you derive from existing fields –Can involve: Addition (+) Subtraction (-) Multiplication (*) Division (/) 31

32. Computed Fields (continued) 32 Numeric Computed Fields –Example 1: Computing the Net by deducting Credit Limit from Balance SELECT Customername, (Balance-CreditLimit) as Net FROM Customer –Example 2: Computing the Running Total by Multiplying On hand quantity with Price SELECT Partnum, Description, OnHand * Price as RunningTotal FROM Part Non-numeric Computed Field –Example 1: Concatenating or Joining Last name and First name of the Sales as Full Name SELECT Repnum, Lastname + “, “ + Firstname as Fullname FROM Rep

33. Computed Fields (continued) FIGURE 3-26: Query results FIGURE 3-25: SQL query with a computed field and condition 33

34. Non-Graded Exercise 34 1.Show customer name and a computed field name Net using the formula CreditLimit – Balance from Customer table. 2.Get the Running Total from each order by multiplying Number Ordered and Quoted Price of the Orderline table. Aside from the Running Total show also the Order Number. 3.Get the Running Total per product from Part table by multiplying Quantity on Hand by price. Show also the Description of the product. 4.Make a concatenated field for Street, City, State and Zip fields and named it Address, from Customer table. Show also the Customer name before the address.

35. Using Special Operators (LIKE and IN) Wildcards in Access SQL –Asterisk (*): collection of characters –Question mark (?): any individual character Wildcards in MySQL –Percent sign (%): any collection of characters –Underscore (_): any individual character To use a wildcard, include the LIKE operator in the WHERE clause IN operator provides a concise way of phrasing certain conditions 35

36. Using LIKE operator and wildcards 36 Using asterisk for collection of characters pattern –Example 1: Displays customer whose name starts with letter B SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE customername LIKE ‘B*’ –Example 2: Displays customer whose name starts with the word Brook SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE customername LIKE ‘Brook*’ Using question mark for individual/single character –Example 1: Display orders whose partnum starts with letter K followed by any 3 characters. SELECT * FROM Orderline WHERE partnum LIKE ‘K???’ –Example 2: Display product whose class startswith letter A followed by one character. SELECT * FROM Part WHERE class LIKE ‘A?’

37. Using the IN operator 37 –Example 1: Displays customer whose credit limit is either $5,000 or $10,000 or $15,000 SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE creditlimit IN(5000,10000,15000) –Example 2: Displays customer who comes from the City of Grove, Crystal, Fillmore or Northfield SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE city IN(‘Grove’,’Crystal’,’Fillmore’,’Northfield’)

38. Sorting Sort data using the ORDER BY clause Sort key: field on which to sort data When sorting data on two fields: –Major sort key (or primary sort key): more important sort key –Minor sort key (or secondary sort key): less important sort key 38

39. Using the ORDER BY statement 39 –Example 1: Displays customer sorted by customer name SELECT * FROM Customer ORDER BY customername –Example 2: Displays sales rep sorted by Lastname then Firstname SELECT * FROM Rep ORDER BY Lastname, Firstname –Example 3: Displays sales rep sorted by Lastname in descending order SELECT * FROM Rep ORDER BY Lastname DESC –Example 4: Displays customer sorted by City whose Credit Limit is $10,000 SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE CreditLimit = 10000 ORDER BY city

40. Built-in Functions Built-in functions (aggregate functions) in SQL –COUNT: calculates number of entries –SUM or AVG: calculates sum or average of all entries in a given column –MAX or MIN: calculates largest or smallest values respectively 40

41. Using Aggregate Functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN) 41 –Example 1: Count all how many customers in Customer table SELECT COUNT(*) as CustomerCount FROM Customer –Example 2: Count how many customers from the City of Grove SELECT COUNT(*) as CountGrove FROM Customer WHERE city = ‘Grove’ –Example 3: Sum all Balance from all Customers SELECT SUM(Balance) as TotalBalance FROM Customer –Example 4: Sum all Balance from all Customers for those who a CreditLimit of $5,000 SELECT SUM(Balance) as TotalBalance FROM Customer WHERE CreditLimit=5000