1. Green Innovation & Regional Development: Wales & the World Phil Cooke Aalborg & Cardiff Universities

2. 1. What is Green Innovation? ‘Green’ refers to ‘….diverse products, technologies and processes which, through improvements in the clean energy supply chain from energy source through to point of consumption, result in reduction in greenhouse gases.’ (Cooke, 2008) Innovation, as ever, refers to ‘…the commercialisation of new knowledge..’ (neo- Schumpeterian/Evolutionary school, Freeman, 1987, Lundvall, 1992, Edquist, 1997)

3. Green Innovation: new challenges and opportunities

4. Green/Clean Technology Convergence E.G. Biomass, Biogas, Bioethanol, Wind, Wave, Tidal Energies, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, Hybrid Autos, Plug-ins, Clean Pumps, Filtration & Industrial Ecology etc. ‘Platforms’

5. 2. California’s ‘Jacobian’ Cluster ‘Platform’ Cluster Legend: Clean Tech Biotechnology Wireless ICT Agro-Food Organic Food Wine Film Click for

6. 20 Who Ditched Infotech for Cleantech 20 Who Ditched Infotech for Cleantech With their dotcom and broadband-based winnings, serial entrepreneurs of the ICT age have moved into the energy and cleantech markets Shai Agassi (SAP), Founder, CEO Project Better Place, Palo Alto, SVShai Agassi Bob Metcalfe, Partner, Polaris Venture Partners, CEO GreenFuel (Camb.MA)Bob Metcalfe Vinod Khosla, Founder Khosla Ventures.Vinod Khosla Sunil Paul, Seed investor, early stage cleantech, Nanosolar, Oorja.Sunil Paul Elon Musk, Chairman, Tesla, Chairman, CEO SolarCityElon Musk Steve Jurvetson, Partner, Draper Fisher Jurvetson.Steve Jurvetson Bill Gross, Founder Idealab Steve Westly, Founder The Westly Group.Bill GrossSteve Westly Dan Whaley, Founder, CEO Climos..Dan Whaley Martin Eberhard, Founder, former CEO Tesla.Martin Eberhard Martin Roscheisen, Founder, CEO Nanosolar.Martin Roscheisen Martin Tobias, Former CEO Imperium Renewables.Martin Tobias Manny Hernandez, CFO SunPower.Manny Hernandez Jonathan Gay, CEO of GreenBoxJonathan Gay Jeff Skoll, Founder Skoll Foundation, investor in Tesla, Nanosolar.Jeff Skoll Mitch Mandich, CEO Range Fuels.Mitch Mandich Larry Gross, CEO of Edeniq.Larry Gross Bruce Sohn, President First Solar.Bruce Sohn David Kaplan, Founder V2Green.David Kaplan David Cope, CEO of PurFresh.David Cope

7. Emergent Cleantech Cluster?

8. ICT Biotech Medtech Cleantech 3. Israel’s Jacobian Clusters

9. Evolution by Mutation Pythagoras Solar was founded in 2006 by Gonen Fink, previously at Check Point Software, The company has an R&D centre in Hakfar Hayarok, Israel and a US office in San Mateo, California Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, a leader in research and development of technologies in the fields of water, energy and the environment, will invest in Israel Cleantech Ventures, Israel’s first cleantech focused venture capital fund Israel Cleantech Ventures was established in 2006 to invest growth capital in Israel's energy, water and environmental leaders. To date, the Fund has invested in 6 companies Israel Cleantech Invests in Pythagoras Solar Pythagoras is a solar energy company developing innovative photovoltaic technology to revolutionize the cost of solar electricity.Israel Cleantech Invests in Pythagoras Solar Israel Cleantech Invests in AqWise AqWise develops and implements innovative solutions for biological wastewater treatment and rapid filtration using movable plastic biomass carriersIsrael Cleantech Invests in AqWise Israel Cleantech Invests in Emefcy Bioenergy Systems Emefcy is designing an innovative wastewater treatment system which will harness the energy inherent in organic components in wastewaterIsrael Cleantech Invests in Emefcy Bioenergy Systems XJet Solar Energy Entrepreneur from Semiconductors Orion Solar Energy Entrepreneur from Aerospace

10. 4. Jutland’s Solar Thermal Cluster Source: ESTIF Data Danfoss A/S Grundfos Sensor

11. The North Central Jutland Wind Turbine Cluster Source: Danish Wind Industry Association Data, 2007

12. Clean Tech Biotechnology Wireless Agro-Food (Organic) Agro-Food (Conv.) Furniture Fashion Engineering (Fish) Engineering (Pipes) N. Jutland’s Jacobian Cluster ‘Platform’

13. N. Jutland: a Green Regional Innovation System ‘Innovative Region: Flexible District Heating’ Platform Biogas, Biomass, Solar Thermal, Wind - ‘plug-ins’ ‘Social Network’ >100 ‘system’ & ‘solution’ firms Aalborg U, Municipalities, DTI, VåxtForum Fund (40 mn.DK bid). ‘Aggregators’ or ‘system integrators’ include: Arcon Solar (Velux VHK), Exergi, Lokster (Pipework), Baracon (Biogas), Grundfos Humvel, NIAS, EnergiPlan (consultants)

14. 5. Leading Hydrogen Fuel Cells Regions in Europe (Source: Nygaard, 2008)

15. Hydrogen Fuel Cells Production: Leading European Regions (Source: Nygaard, 2008)

16. Baglan Energy Park Tribrid Bus Connaught Engineering HFC Inventor Sir William Grove, born Swansea, 11th July, 1811 The Narrow Car Company Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicle Firms and Infrastructure: Wales

17. Related variety cluster spillovers (Source: Nygaard)

18. 6. Top European Fast Growth Eco-Businesses In Wales Pelikon DST – 2/100 Atra – 10/100 Inetec – 14/100 G24i - 37/100 Pelikon – 80/100 Source: Library House, 2008

19. Environmental Innovation in Wales: 30 Solar Energy Equipment Manufacturers LlaniSolar G24i Sharp Solar, Dulas; PV Systems; Corus Colours, ICP Solar, Jantec Solar, IQE PHOTOVOLTAICS CLUSTER ICP Solar MicaulSolar Clear Sky Thermonax Sundance Renewables Royce Renewables PJB Systems Solar Housing Solarfit KDUK Sunset Solar SB Alternative Energy Bright Light Solar VE Heating Eco Energy Systems Solarfit InterSolar Kingspan Sundance Renewables also Produce 300,000 Biofuel litres/yr.

20. IGER – Novel Agricultural Products Research: Miscanthus & Wood Chips

21. Biofuels Producers in Wales Cardiff The new facility in Swansea is believed to be the largest biodiesel plant in Wales Below: Wood Pellets Miscanthus ↓ 50 wood-chip farms supplying Bluestone

22. Bluestone, Pembrokeshire, Wales The Bluestone Project, valued at about €130m million 340 timber chalets surrounding a 'Celtic Village' of 80 permanent buildings within the National Park Adjoining Oakwood Leisure Park, next to which a Snow Dome, Waterworld, Tropical Garden and Sports Centre are proposed. A community of up to 2,000 residents and 5,000 day visitors. Jobs: 200 construction; 600 catering/hospitality; 100 suppliers 3 MW Biomass (willow chips) CHP units burning fuel sourced from 2 specialist local farms by Pembrokeshire Bioenergy

23. Pembrokeshire Bioenergy Ltd Grant from Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Sustainable Development Fund (2005) DEFRA Grant to develop and market carbon-neutral crops Miscanthus and Short Rotation Willow Coppice trials 50 farmers growing energy crops to supply miscanthus & willow Centre for Alternative Land Use (CALU)

24. Organic Food Producers & Distributors Cardiff

25. Conclusions How much value is this green innovation activity creating? –US Corn Bioethanol share price peak $43 (May 2005) but down to $2 (September 2008) 2G expected to be better. –1G had little effect on GHGs or US oil-dependence despite $80 bn. Subsidy –Wind power better EU - $85 billion invested, $200bn in decade –UK govt. £100 bn. Renewables Market –Bain & Co. UK wind alone £39 bn. Market (60,000 jobs - overestimates) How many jobs? –Renewable Energy – UK govt.-160,000 anticipated (NIESR says 1/3 of that) –Germany, Denmark & Spain (70% EU Capacity) 133,000 employed in turbine ‘clusters’ –Biomass – Drax – 3 x 300MW biomass power plants to invest $3.5 bn (Energy Scale: City of Nottingham) –Previous Drax announcement: 100 jobs per 100 MW so approx. 900 –San Jose ‘Green Vision’ 25,000 in 10 years Co-evolution: the Post-hydrocarbon Paradigm Green niches Green technological regime Green Socio-technical Landscape