1. Melts+Fluids in the Mantle *Silicate Melts *Hydrous Fluids *CO2 vapor (also CH4-rich vapor?) *Carbonatites *Halide Melts (brines) *Sulfide/oxysulfide melts *Metallic melts (?) *Carbide melts

2. Anderson+Neumann, 2001 CO2 inclusions in olivine

3. Up to 28% Cl Klein Ben-David et al. 2004 Klemme, 2004 Brines or Halide Melts

4. (Fe,Ni,Cu)S Bockrath et al. 2004 sulfide-oxide eutectic Urakawa et al. 1987

5. Lord et al. 2008 Dasgupta+Hirschmann, in press

8. Shen and Keppler, 1997

9. Dasgupta et al. 2006 Example of carbonatite-silicate immiscibility Partial melting of carbonate eclogite at 3 GPa

10. Partial melts of carbonated peridotite Dasgupta et al. 2007

12. Hoink+Lenardic, 2008 Priestly and McKenzie, 2006

14. Gaillard et al., Science 2008 Evans et al. 2005 High Electrical Conductivity in the LVZ: best explained by carbonatite?

18. ΔT = 220 °

20. Hirose and Kawamoto 1995, Hirose 1997, Kawamoto and Holloway 1997, Gaetani and Grove 1998, Hall 1999

21. Experimental determination of enhanced peridotite melting owing to CO 2. Dasgupta et al. 2007

22. Parameterization of Enhanced Silicate Melting as a function of Melt CO 2 content Dasgupta et al. (2007) ΔTΔT XXX

23. The LVZ IS above the solidus of carbonated peridotite Dasgupta+ Hirschmann, 2006

27. Hirschmann et al. 2009 Aubaud et al. (2004, 2008), Hauri et al. (2006), Tenner et al. (2009). Sub-solidus Pyroxene Al 2 O 3 Al 3+ + H + → Si 4+ Abundances along a ridge adiabat

29. CO 2 has a smaller freezing- point effect than H 2 O… …but is much more enriched in near-solidus melts

32. Priestly+McKenzie, 2006Ritzwoller et al. 2004

33. Gaillard et al., Science 2008 Evans et al. 2005 High Electrical Conductivity in the LVZ: best explained by carbonatite?

35. Compaction time calculated after McKenzie (1984) Bulk viscosity 1 10^19 Pa s Melt viscosity 1 Pa s; Matrix density 3350 kg/m^3 Compaction time for 100 km thick partially molten region for silicate or carbonatite partial melts

36. Kawakatsu et al. Science 2009 7-8% decrease in S wave velocity 3.5-4% Melt OR 0.25-1.25% melt concentrated in layers

38. Hydrous Wadsleyite (Fe,Mg) 7 Si 4 O 14 (OH) 2

41. Wadsleyite stable Olivine Stable 410 km Bercovici and Karato, 2003. Transition zone water filter hypothesis

44. Hirschmann et al 2005 peridotite H 2 O storage capacity

45. MORB Source Bulk H 2 O: 50-200 ppm OIB source & subduction zone bulk H 2 O: 300- 1000 ppm

50. Withers and Hirschmann, 2008

51. 10-13 GPa experiments 1350-1450ºC

53. Irifune & Isshiki 1998, Stixrude & Lithgow- Bertelloni 2005; 2007 Ridge Adiabat

54. 100 µm 12-13 GPa, 1350-1450°C. n = 6 Olivine Opx

55. Gt From Withers et al. 1998 & Mookherjee and Karato, 2010 9 GPa, 1100 ° C