1. Chapter 11 Finishing Equipment
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2. GRADERS
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

3. GRADERS 1938 CAT Auto Patrol
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.
1938 CAT Auto Patrol

4. GRADERS
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

5. GRADERS
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

6. GRADERS
Graders are multipurpose machines used for grading, shaping, bank sloping, and ditching.
Graders can work on slopes as steep as 3:1.
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

7. Articulating Graders
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

8. BLADE POSITIONS
1 4
General grade
1 4
High bank cut

9. GENERAL GRADE
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

10. BLADE EXTENDED
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

11. GRADERS
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

12. MOLDBOARD
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

13. LASER BLADE CONTROLS
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

14. SONIC BLADE CONTROLS
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

15. RIPPERS Rear mount rippers
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

16. SCARIFIER Front mounted scarifier.
GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

17. ESTIMATING PRODUCTION
USING THE ABOVE SITUATION WE WILL DETERMINE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION RATE FOR THE GRADER AND THE TIME REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THIS TASK.

18. ESTIMATING PRODUCTION
Estimate grading 4 miles of dirt road using a CAT 120H.
Ditching passes 1st gear
Reshaping passes 2nd gear
Final grading 4 passes 3rd gear
USING THE ABOVE SITUATION WE WILL DETERMINE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION RATE FOR THE GRADER AND THE TIME REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THIS TASK.

19. GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET.
THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE:
SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL
MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

20. FORMULA FOR DISTANCES IN MILES
Distance in miles
Speed in miles per hour
Time will be in hours
FIRST WE WILL DETERMINE THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 7 MILE ROAD. WE MUST COMPUTE EACH ACTIVITY SEPARATELY THEN SUM THE ANSWERS TOGETHER TO GET OUR TOTAL TIME.
DITCHING IS OUR FIRST ACTIVITY. WE TAKE THE NUMBER OF PASSES REQUIRED TO RE SET THE DITCH (6) MULTIPLIED BY THE DISTANCE OF THE ROAD (7 MILES) DIVIDED BY OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR. AT THIS POINT WE KNOW OUR NUMBER OF PASSES AND DISTANCE . NOW WE MUST FIND OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR.

21. Ditching 6 passes Reshaping 9 passes Final grading 4 passes
STEP 1 NUMBER OF PASSES
Ditching passes
Reshaping passes
Final grading 4 passes
STEP 2 DISTANCE
OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60.
Grading 4 miles

22. STEP 3 SPEED CAT 120H 1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear
OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60.
Check manufacturer’s data.

23. STEP 3 SPEED CAT 120H 1st gear 2.3 mph 2nd gear 3.1 mph
3rd gear 4.5 mph
OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60.

24. STEP 4 EFFICIENCY FACTOR
For an average operator during daylight hours would expect a
50 min-hour efficiency
or an 0.83 efficiency factor
OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60.

25. STEP 5 TIME TO DITCH STEP 1 : Number of passes = 6
STEP 2 : Distance = 4 miles
STEP 3 : Speed = 2.3 mph
STEP 4 : Efficiency factor = 0.83
NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

26. STEP 5 TIME TO RESHAPE STEP 1 : Number of passes = 9
STEP 2 : Distance = 4 miles
STEP 3 : Speed = 3.1 mph
STEP 4 : Efficiency factor = 0.83
NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

27. STEP 5 FINAL GRADING STEP 1 : Number of passes = 4
STEP 2 : Distance = 4 miles
STEP 3 : Speed = 4.5 mph
STEP 4 : Efficiency factor = 0.83
NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

28. STEP 5 TOTAL TIME Time to ditch 12.6 hr Time to reshape 14.0 hr
Final grading hr
Total time hr
NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

29. FORMULA FOR DISTANCES IN FEET
Distance in feet
Speed in miles per hour
Time will be in minutes
FIRST WE WILL DETERMINE THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 7 MILE ROAD. WE MUST COMPUTE EACH ACTIVITY SEPARATELY THEN SUM THE ANSWERS TOGETHER TO GET OUR TOTAL TIME.
DITCHING IS OUR FIRST ACTIVITY. WE TAKE THE NUMBER OF PASSES REQUIRED TO RE SET THE DITCH (6) MULTIPLIED BY THE DISTANCE OF THE ROAD (7 MILES) DIVIDED BY OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR. AT THIS POINT WE KNOW OUR NUMBER OF PASSES AND DISTANCE . NOW WE MUST FIND OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR.

30. GRADERS
NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.