1. April 21, 2015 How do investigators determine time of death? Watch a case study …case study

2. The postmortem interval is the time since death. In the video we just watched, what was the PMI? About 12 hours. How did the investigator determine it? Through rigor mortis and the ‘back story’ (e.g. when the wife left, the presence of tea).

3. The postmortem interval is the time since death. Investigators can estimate this time using the following factors:  Body temperature  Environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.)  Body condition (blood pooling, stiffness, decomposition)  Presence of scavenger / decomposer insects Other environmental clues (e.g. a stopped watch), witnesses, and patterns of behavior are also used!

4. Problem 1: Police discover a body alongside a road on a cool fall morning. They use a rectal thermometer to determine that the internal temperature of the body is 75.2 o F. Approximately what is the PMI? 15 hours

5. Problem 2: A body is found in a parking garage. During autopsy, the medical examiner sticks a thermometer into the liver of the victim to determine that the internal temperature of the body is 87.6 degrees F. Approximately what is the PMI? 7.2 hours

6. Problem 3: What should be the internal temperature of a body that died 9 hours ago? 84.9 o F

7. Ambient temperature Problem 4: If the outside temperature is 95, what temperature will a body be after 6 hours? 95 – the body won’t cool below ambient temperature!

8. What factors might change the rate of heat loss of a body?  Ambient temperature  Clothing  Whether the body is wet  Wind  Surface area to volume ratio (colder = faster loss) (more = slower loss) (wet = faster loss) (windy = faster loss) (children = faster loss)

9. livor mortis Lividity, or livor mortis, is purple or red discoloration caused by the pooling of blood after death.  Indicates position of the body (and whether it was moved):  Blood pools lower in the body due to gravity, -but-  does not pool anywhere that touches the ground or is otherwise compressed In what position did this person die? How do you know? On her back. Lividity seen on back, except on areas (middle of back and buttocks) that touched the ground

10. livor mortis Lividity, or livor mortis, is purple or red discoloration caused by the pooling of blood after death.  Indicates position of the body (and whether it was moved):  Blood pools lower in the body due to gravity, -but-  does not pool anywhere that touches the ground or is otherwise compressed  Lividity begins at about 2 hrs  Becomes ‘fixed’ at 12 hrs (marks will remain, even if body is moved)

11. rigor mortis Rigidity, or rigor mortis, is the stiffness of muscles after death.  Muscles contract – and stay in contracted position for hours – due to chemical changes in muscle tissue  Begins approximately 2 hours after death, starting with small facial muscles and spreading to larger muscles o Fades after 20-30 hours due to muscle decomposition, disappearing first from small muscles and then from larger muscles Rule of thumb: 12 in, 12 out

12. 1. A body was found outside in a ditch. The internal body temperature matched that of the ambient temperature – 85 degrees. The body showed signs of lividity and had rigor mortis in all muscles. What is the PMI? Explain your reasoning. Approximately 12 hours. Rigor mortis is at its peak (still in all muscles), which takes about 12 hours. Body temp indicates that it has been more than 9 hours Lividity indicates that it is more than 2 hours PMI. If the marks remain unchanged after moving the body, then it will indicate that more than 12 hours have passed.

13. 2. A body was found outside in a ditch. The internal body temperature matched that of the ambient temperature – 85 degrees. The body had purple marks and white splotches due to blood pooling; these marks remained in place even hours after the body was moved. The arms and legs were somewhat stiff, but the smaller facial muscles were flexible. What is the PMI? Explain your reasoning. Approximately 20-30 hours. Rigor mortis waning – only present in large muscles. Rigor mortis fades in 20-30 hours. Body temp indicates that it has been more than 9 hours Lividity is fixed, which indicates that it is more than 12 hours PMI

14. 1. What were our objectives today, and what did you learn? 2. What was our learner profile trait, and how did we demonstrate it? 3. How does this relate to our unit question?

15. 1. A woman returned home from an overnight trip to find her husband dead. The temperature of the body was 92.6 O F. There were few signs of lividity, but the facial muscles had signs of rigor mortis. What is the PMI? Explain how each piece of evidence contributes to your answer.