1. Electromagnetism
and
magnetic circuits

2. Magnetic Flux density B Magnetic field strength H
Unit for flux is weber
The definition of 1 weber is the amount of flux that can produce an induced voltage of 1 V in a one turn coil if the flux reduce to zero with uniform rate.
Magnetic Flux density B
Unit for magnetic flux density is Tesla
The definition of 1 tesla is the flux density that can produce a force of 1 Newton per meter acting upon a conductor carrying 1 ampere of current.
Magnetic field strength H
Unit for magnetic field strength is Ampere/m
A line of force that produce flux

3. F = B l I newton
Where F = force ; B = magnetic flux density ; l =the length of conductor and I = current in the conductor
Where F = magnetic flux ; B = magnetic flux density and A = area of cross-section
Where H = magnetic field strength ; B = magnetic flux density and m = permeability of the medium
Permeability in free space
o = B/H = 4 x 10-7 H/m

4. Relative Permeability (r)
Relative permeability is defined as a ratio of flux density produced in a material to the flux density produced in a vacuum for the same magnetic filed strength. Thus
r = /o
  = ro = B/H
or B = roH

5. H vs mr Magnetic field strength Relative permeability Mild steel
Cast iron
Relative
permeability
Magnetic field strength

6. Relative permeability vs magnetic flux

7. B vs H

8. Electromagnetic Force (mmf)
turns H
mmf
Where H = magnetic field strength ; l =the path length of ; N number of turns and I = current in the conductor

9. Example 1
A coils of 200 turns is uniformly wound around a wooden ring with a mean circumference of 600 mm and area of cross-section of 500 mm2. If the current flowing into the coil is 4 A, Calculate (a) the magnetic field strength , (b) flux density dan (c) total flux
turns
N = 200 turns
l = 600 x 10-3 m
A = 500 x 10-6 m2
I = 4 A
(a) H = NI/l = 200 x 4 / 600 x = A
(b) B = oH = 4 x 10-7 x = T = T
(c) Total Flux  = BA = x 10-6 x 500 x 10-6
= Wb

10. Reluctance ( S ) Ohm‘s law I = V/R [A]
Where I =current; V=voltage and R=resistance
And the resistance can be relate to physical parameters as R =  l /A ohm
Where =resistivity [ohm-meter], l= length in meter and A=area of cross-section [meter square]
Analogy to the ohm‘s law
V=NI=H l I=F and R=S
where

11. Example 2
A mild steel ring, having a cross-section area of 500 mm2 and a mean circumference of 400 mm is wound uniformly by a coil of 200 turns. Calculate(a) reluctance of the ring and (b) a current required to produce a flux of 800 Wb in the ring.
(a)
turns
Dari graf r/B, pada B = 1.6; r = 380

12. (b)
mmf

13. Magnetic circuit with different materials
and
For A: area of cross-section = a1
mean length = l1
absolute permeability = 1
ForB: area of cross-section = a2
mean length = l2
absolute permeability = 2

14. Mmf for many materials in series
total mmf = HAlA + HBlB
HA =magnetic strength in material A
lA=mean length of material A
HB =magnetic strength in material B
lB=mean length of material B
In general
(m.m.f) = Hl

15. Example 3
A magnetic circuit comprises three parts in series, each of uniform cross-section area(c.s.a). They are :
(a)A length of 80mm and c.s.a 50 mm2;
(b)A length of 60mm and c.s.a 90mm2;
(c)An airgap of length 0.5mm and c.s.a 150 mm2.
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part (b), and the flux density in the airgap is 0.3T. Assuming that all the flux passes through the given circuit, and that the relative permeability mr is 1300, estimate the coil current to produce such a flux density.

16. Mmf = F S = H l = N I
Material a
Material b
airgap
Total mmf
and

17. Leakages and fringing of flux
Magnetic circuit with air-gap
Leakages and fringing of flux
Some fluxes are leakage via paths a, b and c . Path d is shown to be expanded due to fringing. Thus the usable flux is less than the total flux produced, hence

18. Example 4
A magnetic circuit as in Figure is made from a laminated steel. The breadth of the steel core is 40 mm and the depth is 50 mm, 8% of it is an insulator between the laminatings. The length and the area of the airgap are 2 mm and 2500 mm2 respectively. A coil is wound 800 turns. If the leakage factor is 1.2, calculate the current required to magnetize the steel core in order to produce flux of Wb across the airgap.

19. 92% of the depth is laminated steel, thus the area of cross section is
 AS = 40 x 50 x = mm2= m

20. From the B-H graph, at B=1.63T, H=4000AT/m
 mmf in the steel core = Hl = x 0.6 = 2400 AT
Total mmf. = = AT
 NI = 3992
I = 3992/800 = 5 A

21. Applying Kirchoff’s law in Magnetic circuits
Magnetic circuit applying voltage law
Analogy to electrical circuit D
applying voltage Kirchoff’s law
Mmf in loop C = NI = HLlL + HMlM
outside loop NI= HLlL + HNlN
And in loop D = HMlM + HNlN
In general (m.m.f) = Hl

22. At node P we can also applying current Kirchoff’s law
L = M + N
Or L - M - N = 0
In general:  = 0

23. Example 5
A magnetic circuit made of silicon steel is arranged as in the Figure. The center limb has a cross-section area of 800mm2 and each of the side limbs has a cross-sectional area of 500mm2. Calculate the m.m.f required to produce a flux of 1mWb in the center limb, assuming the magnetic leakage to be negligible.

24. Looking at graph at B=1.25T mr =34000
Apply voltage law in loops A and B

25. Since the circuit is symmetry FA =FB
In the center limb , the flux is 1mWb which is equal to 2 F
Therefore F=0.5mWb A

26. Example 6
A U-shaped electromagnet shown in Fig. is designed to lift a mass. The material for the yoke has a relative permeability of The yoke has a uniform cross-sectional area of 4000 mm2 and a mean length of 600 mm. Each of the air gaps is 0.1 mm long. The number of turns of the coil (N) is Assuming that the reluctance of the keeper is negligible, calculate the maximum mass in kg, which can be lifted by the system if a current of 1.5 A is passed through the coil. You may neglect the fringing effect and flux leakage; and assume that .

27. Calculation of maximum weight lifted by and electromagnet.
Let the flux density in the air gap be
For the air gap
For the iron yoke

28. Total mmf;
Since there are two air gaps;

29. Hysteresis loss
Materials before applying m.m.f (H), the polarity of the molecules or structures are in random.
After applying m.m.f (H) , the polarity of the molecules or structures are in one direction, thus the materials become magnetized. The more H applied the more magnetic flux (B )will be produced

30. When we plot the mmf (H) versus the magnetic flux will produce a curve so called Hysteresis loop
OAC – when more H applied, B increased until saturated. At this point no increment of B when we increase the H.
CD- when we reduce the H the B also reduce but will not go to zero.
DE- a negative value of H has to applied in order to reduce B to zero.
EF – when applying more H in the negative direction will increase B in the reverse direction.
FGC- when reduce H will reduce B but it will not go to zero. Then by increasing positively the also decrease and certain point it again change the polarity to negative until it reach C.

31. Eddy current
When a sinusoidal current enter the coil, the flux F also varies sinusoidally according to I. The induced current will flow in the magnetic core. This current is called eddy current. This current introduce the eddy current loss. The losses due to hysteresis and eddy-core totally called core loss. To reduce eddy current we use laminated core
metal
insulator