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Published byOliver Carroll Modified over 9 years ago
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Cell The smallest unit of life that is still classified as “alive”
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Organelle Parts of the cell that play a role in the production of protein
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Membrane-enclosed structure that contains a cell’s DNA Nucleus
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Larger, more complex cell that contains a nucleus (animal, plant, fungi, protist) Eukaryote
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Small, simple cell that does not contain a nucleus (bacteria) Prokaryote
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Organism made from just one cell Unicellular All prokaryotes are unicellular A few eukaryotes are unicellular
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Organism made from many cells that are specialized Multicellular
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Multicellular, eukaryotic, specialized. Obtain glucose from other organisms; no cell walls. Animal Cells
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Multicellular, eukaryotic, specialized. Make their own glucose; have chloroplasts and cell walls. Plant Cells
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Multicellular, eukaryotic, specialized; obtain glucose from other organisms; have cell walls. Fungal Cells
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Eukaryotic; may be multicellular or unicellular. Have cells walls. No specialization. Some “eat”, others make their own glucose. Protist Cells
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Unicellular, prokaryotic. No specialization. Have cell wall. Some “eat”, others make their own glucose. Bacteria Cells
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Regulates the exchange of solute particles between the cell and its liquid environment. Electrically neutral (no charge). Permeable to water and small molecules; impermeable to large/charged molecules. Cell Membrane Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell membrane
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Supporting layer around some CMs. Has pores; allows solute particles to reach the CM, but does not regulate them Cell Wall Cell membrane
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Solute A substance that can dissolve in water(Ex: salt, glucose, O 2, CO 2). So me solute particles are charged (Na+, Cl-)
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Solution A mixture of water and dissolved solute (Ex: plasma)
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Concentration The amount of solute dissolved in a liquid. Mass/volume. Concentration of solute inside and outside a cell are different. Ex: CO2 more concentrated outside a cell; salt more concentrated outside the cells of marine animals Less concentrated More concentrated
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Fluid portion of the blood; a solution of water + dissolved solute; located on both sides of the CM; CM’s are in constant contact with it Plasma
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Ion Particles of solute that have an electric charge (Ex: K-, Na+). Cannot pass directly through the neutral CM; must go through protein gates/pumps
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Bilayer Two layers (bi = two) Plasma
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Diffusion The movement of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does not require energy. Uses a permeable membrane. Permeable membrane Side A More Solute Side B Less Solute = water molecule = solute molecule
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Osmosis The diffusion of water molecules. Also moves from H -> L; does not require energy. Uses a selectively permeable membrane. Water always moves to area with more solute. Selectively Permeable membrane Side A Less Water Side B More water = water molecule = solute molecule
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Isotonic Concentration of solute inside and outside cell are equal. Water moves in both directions; cell does not change shape. = water molecule = solute molecule
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Hypertonic Solution Concentration outside cell is higher than inside cell. Water moves out of the cell; cell shrinks. Ex: goldfish in sea water. = water molecule = solute molecule
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Hypotonic Solution Concentration inside cell is higher than outside cell. Water moves into the cell; cell expands. Ex: shark in fresh water. = water molecule = solute molecule
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Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion of large/charged molecules through protein channels embedded in the CM. Still H -> L; does not require energy.
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Active Transport “Pumping” molecules against diffusion. Moves L -> H; requires energy (to change shape of protein). Ex: “pumping” CO2 out of cell; endocytosis, exocytosis
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Endocytosis A form of active transport; taking a substance into the cell. Requires energy (cell changes shape). Phagocytosis: food; pinocytosis: liquid.
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Exocytosis A form of active transport; pushing waste out of cell. Requires energy (cell changes shape).
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