1. Cells & Cell Organelles
Structure & Function

2. A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
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A CELL is made of MOLECULES
ATOMS
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
_______  ___________ ___________

3. CELL THEORY
1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells CELL SIZE Comparison of cell sizes:
Cells
life
existing
PLANT
ANIMAL
BACTERIA
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

4. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
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5. CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
phospholipids proteins
Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as
LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ &
NON-POLAR tails facing ________
Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= _____________
Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________
(can go part way in or all the way through)
BILAYER
out in
Peripheral
Integral
OTHER MOLECULES:
GLYCOPROTEINS
proteins with ___________attached; allow cells to recognize “self”
STEROIDS (lipids)
sugars
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
Membranes are ____________________________________
(=Semi-permeable)
Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out
cytoplasm
__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between
nucleus and cell membrane

6. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC 
HYDROPHOBIC 
Image by Riedell

7. WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary
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Acts as a boundary
Controls what enters and leaves cell

8. Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are
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Click here to See Fluidity
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing

9. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
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Organelles suspended
in gel-like goo
ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job)
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10. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
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11. NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus
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12. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

13. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the
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Genetic code tells the
cell’s parts what to do
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14. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS
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Dark spot in nucleus = __________
NUCLEOLUS
Makes RNA for ribosomes

15. CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Gives support
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CYTOSKELETON
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) &
MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Helps cell maintain shape
Gives support
Help move organelles around
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

16. CENTRIOLES
Centrioles function during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart.

17. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Extend across the cell to attach to the chromosomes during cell division & pull them apart.
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18. MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like “little sausages”
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19. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical
reactions
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20. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

21. WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy
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“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
Image by: Riedell

22. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of hollow membrane tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
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23. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
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24. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES attached
Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported
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25. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
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Has NO ribosomes attached
Has enzymes for special tasks

26. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
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Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

27.  RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA
Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins 
Image by: RIedell
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28. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm
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Can be attached to Rough ER OR
free in cytoplasm
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29. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
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Pancake like membrane stacks
Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER
for storage OR transport out of cell

30. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie

31. It’s ALL connected!

32. LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules,
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Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

33. LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action:
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34. LYSOSOMES
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35. “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS
Lysosomes help
digest unwanted
cells

36. Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development
Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses
Cancer
AIDS infection
Transplant rejection

37. FLAGELLA & CILIA Works in cell movement Made of PROTEINS
called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Works in cell movement

38. CILIA Move cell itself Move substances past cells
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39. CILIA FLAGELLA HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT? Many short Few Long
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Few
Long

40. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles

41. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Is found outside of cell membrane
Made of carbohydrates &
proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly of
cellulose
Bacterial cell walls are made
of peptidoglycan (ppg)

42. VACUOLES Storage space
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Storage space

43. VACUOLES Storage space for: ________________________ ________________
Proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, water, salts & waste
Huge in __________cells ,
small in _____________ cells,
No vacuoles in ____________
plant
animal
bacteria
Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS)

44. CHLOROPLAST Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________
_____________ =membrane sacs inside
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens
Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS
DOUBLE
DNA
THYLAKOIDS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PLANT

45. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall
NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DNA is circular
No membrane bound organelles

46. BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES

47. USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON