1. 1 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative: Challenges for automated driving Dr. R.(Raymond) G. Hoogendoorn Assistant Professor Delft University of Technology

2. 2 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 2 1. Automated driving: definitions and impacts

3. 3 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative What is the objective? To investigate, improve and demonstrate automated driving on public roads The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative (DAVI)

4. 4 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative What is automated driving? Driver assistance: The driver permanently maintains either longitudinal or lateral control. The other task can be automated or advisory. Partial automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control. The driver must still permanently monitor the system and be prepared to take over control. High automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control. The driver is not required to permanently monitor the system, but must be prepared to resume manual control. Full automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control. In case a take-over request is not carried out, the system will return to a minimal risk condition by itself.

5. 5 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative What are the possible benefits of automated driving? Solve traffic jams by increased outflow Increase traffic stability Towards an optimal distribution over the network Increase in traffic safety (also VRU’s) Reduction in congestion Improved energy efficiency Improved travel experience

6. 6 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 6 2. The Challenges

7. 7 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Four main challenges: Technology; Human Factors; Traffic management applications; Traffic safety and legal; Challenges of automated driving

8. 8 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 8 2a. Technology

9. 9 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Environmental perception & communication; Automated vehicles are required to be sufficiently aware of the driving environment as well as the interaction with other road users; Sensing technologies are already capable of identifying other road users, obstacles, navigation paths, road signs and delineation (Broggi & Zani, 2011); However, the reliability of sensing has to be quantified; Furthermore the reliability has to be improved for real life conditions (e.g. adverse weather conditions and complex traffic scenarios); Technology challenges

10. 10 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Automation control strategies; Current control strategies mainly focus on longitudinal control (e.g., ACC); Up to now, lateral control systems are predominantly advisory (Visvikis et al., 2008); Automated control strategies have to be developed for: Merging; Lane changing; Overtaking; Testing of these control strategies in real life conditions; Technology challenges 2

11. 11 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Technology challenges 3

12. 12 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 12 2b. Human factors

13. 13 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative In automated driving the human driver becomes a supervisor of a system instead of a manual controller of the vehicle; In partial and high automation, a capable driver is still required to resume manual control; Profound insight is needed into the quality of the determinants of the quality of the interaction of the driver with the automated vehicle; Examples of the determinants are vigilance, driver workload and situation awareness (Brookhuis et al., 1991; Endsley, 1995); Human factors challenges

14. 14 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Currently little knowledge is available on these determinants in case of driving in an automated vehicle under real life traffic conditions; Most knowledge in relation to behavior is largely based on driving simulator studies; Furthermore, traffic safety may be affected by adaptation effects in behavior of the surrounding manually driven vehicles (mixed traffic); It is however not yet clear to what extent driving behavior of these vehicles is affected; Human factors challenges 2

15. 15 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 15 2c. Traffic management

16. 16 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative The advent of V2I and V2V in combination with automated vehicles offers a vast range of possibilities to increase traffic flow efficiency; E.g., platooning and lane specific control; Rao and Varaiya (1994): framework for controlling the movement of platoons; Steady state flow of over 6000 veh/hr; Knoop et al. (2012): lanes are generally underutilized; Furthermore, currently traffic management measures often result in suboptimal performance since drivers disregard advice or comply imprecisely (Risto & Martens, 2011); Traffic management challenges

17. 17 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative A complication is however that until now studies on automated traffic management have predominantly been investigated using microscopic simulation studies; E.g., Wang et al., 2012; Schakel et al., 2010; Park et al., 2011; Empirical verification of the assumptions underlying these theories and models on the behavior of automated vehicles and drivers in dynamic manoeuvers is urgently needed; Traffic management challenges 2

18. 18 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 18 2d. Traffic safety and legal challenges

19. 19 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative The reliability of the sensors and human aspects can be used to quantify benefits in terms of traffic safety; However, an adequate quantification of traffic safety does not yet exist; Benefits in terms of traffic safety is envisaged to be explored using microscopic simulation studies; However, currently models are predominantly accident free. New models are needed! Traffic safety and legal challenges

20. 20 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative But also many legal challenges are ahead; The vehicle should be offered to the Dutch vehicle approval authority for admittance on public roads; Finally substantial challenges exist in terms of liability… Who is legally responsible when a crash involving an automated vehicle occurs? Traffic safety and legal challenges 2

21. 21 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 21 3. A closer look at DAVI

22. 22 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Delft University of Technology; Transport Institute; Robotics Institute; Connekt: Dutch Transport and Automotive sector; RDW: Legalization of automated driving; TNO and Toyota Motor Europe; Many Dutch and selected international partners; But we are always looking for new partners!!! The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative

23. 23 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Partners investigating automationSince 1990ties Inception DAVIMarch 2013 DAVI grant proposals June 2013 First full time DAVI researcherAugust 2013 Official Launch Innovatie-estafette November 2013 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 2

24. 24 Challenge the future The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative Partners investigating automationSince 1990ties Inception DAVIMarch 2013 DAVI grant proposals June 2013 First full time DAVI researcherAugust 2013 Official Launch Innovatie-estafette November 2013 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 2

25. 25 The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 25 4. Thank you for your attention!