1. The Brain

2. Extreme abuse / neglect Perry, 1997

3. Abuse affects corpus callosum development

4. Oxytocin modulates amygdala activity 15 male participants Intranasal puffs of oxytocin versus placebo fMRI Angry/ fearful faces Fearful/ threatening scenes Oxytocin significantly reduced amygdala activation (Kirsch et al., 2005)

5. Paediatric-onset PTSD secondary to abuse De Bellis, 2002

6. The role of stress hormones

7. Stress Toxic Stress Changes Brain Architecture Normal Toxicstress Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Typical neuron— many connections Damaged neuron— fewer connections Sources: Radley et al. (2004) Bock et al. (2005)

8. Brake failure: reduced size of frontal cortex in Antisocial Personality Disorder A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others (DSM-IV-TR, 2008) Also referred to as ‘psychopathy’ and ‘sociopathy’ Left hemisphere of the brain Comparing violent/ non-violent individuals Left image is outter (lateral) left- hemisphere; right image is inner (medial) left-hemisphere in reverse Left-medial-prefrontal cortex is outlined: shows reduced volume in violent individuals These are signs that something different is going on in the brains of pathologically aggressive people (Narayan et al., 2007)

11. Kids Company Staff Team: Very high satisfaction was found in relation to the following items, with strongly agreeing or agreeing to: Pride in work (97%); Job dynamism (94%); Staff capacity in doing a good job (96%); Kids Company’s organisational participatory approach (95%) Being proactive (92%). Overall, Kids Company has developed an effective and innovative model of work with vulnerable children and youth. Its practices, experiences and expertise should offer a pool of resources and lessons for policy-makers and the statutory sector in general.

17. WAYS TO DONATE: Donate by Text To make an immediate donation of £5 text KIDS HELP to 70700. A £5 SMS will be billed to your mobile account. Send a cheque Donations by cheque should be made payable to Kids Company and sent to: Kids Company 1 Kenbury Street London SE5 9BS We like to say thank you to all our amazing donors, so please include your address if you’re happy to be contacted by us. Website www.kidsco.org.ukwww.kidsco.org.uk.