1. The Black Pearl Design Team: Ryan Cobb Jacob Conger Christopher Cottingham Travis Douville Josh Johnson Adam Loverro Tony Maloney

2. The Black Pearl: Design Proposal Design Drivers Maximum Level Speed Maximum Climb Rate Low-Drag Flying Wing With Drag-reducing winglets Objectives Increase Available Power Decrease Drag Decrease Weight

3. The Black Pearl: The Complications Stability Stability Fabrication Fabrication Landing Landing Payload Arrangement Payload Arrangement http://images.usatoday.com/life/gallery/pirates-caribbean/black-pearl.jpg

4. The Black Pearl: Complication Remedies Stability Remedies Stability Remedies Wing Sweep Wing Sweep Wing Twist Wing Twist Reflexed Camber Line Airfoils Reflexed Camber Line Airfoils Proper Payload Arrangement Proper Payload Arrangement Winglets Winglets Fabrication Remedies Fabrication Remedies No fuselage or tail No fuselage or tail Fewer control surfaces Fewer control surfaces Landing Remedies Landing Skid Due to landing gear release on Take-Off Payload Arrangement Increased Root Thickness For storage in wing

5. The Black Pearl: Comparison Aircraft The Black Pearl Zagi XT Surikaty XE2- 400 Paoli Flying Wing (unpowered) Thunder Tiger TOW (lbs) 6.262.1253.51.52.054.8 Wing Span (ft) 5.846.4248.75.02 Wing Area (in 2 ) 800425751502966400 Wing Loading (oz/in 2 ) 0.1250.080.750.050.0340.192

6. The Black Pearl: Take-Off Weight Payload: Payload: Batteries, GPS, Receiver Batteries, GPS, Receiver Payload Weight: 2.85 lbs. Payload Weight: 2.85 lbs. Mission Requirements: Mission Requirements: Max Mach: 0.065 Max Mach: 0.065 Cruise Mach: 0.055 Cruise Mach: 0.055 Cruise Alt.: 500 ft. Cruise Alt.: 500 ft. Aspect Ratio: 6 Aspect Ratio: 6 Structure Factor: 0.54 Structure Factor: 0.54 Final Take-Off Weight: 6.26 lbs. Final Take-Off Weight: 6.26 lbs. http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/hangar/3314/b2.html

7. The Black Pearl: Wing Loading Mission Requirements: High Speed High Climb Rate Cruise: 1.69 lbs/ft 2 Climb: 2.94 lbs/ft 2 Preliminary Take-Off Distance: 120 ft. http://www.dkonline.co.uk/animal/images/birds_diagram.gif

8. The Black Pearl: Wing Design Multiple Airfoil Sections Multiple Airfoil Sections MH-45 at root MH-45 at root E-230 at tip E-230 at tip Increase in size to accommodate payload Increase in size to accommodate payload Less Geometric Twist = Less Drag Less Geometric Twist = Less Drag Effective dihedral incorporated into design for stability Effective dihedral incorporated into design for stability Winglets add effective dihedral Winglets add effective dihedral http://www.mh-aerotools.de/airfoils/flywing1.htm http://www.nasg.com/index-e.html

9. The Black Pearl: Fuselage Design No Actual Fuselage Wing root thickened to accommodate payload Landing skid centered underneath wing Optimized airfoil fuselage shape

10. The Black Pearl: Wing Bubble

11. The Black Pearl: Airfoil Geometric Constraints

12. The Black Pearl: Flaps Design Take-Off Speed: 25 ft/s Sf/Sw: 0.4 Plane Flaps High AR Calculations Maximum CL:1.5 with flaps 1.0 without flaps Stall Angle = 12 o 14 o without flaps http://www.aviacion.cl/images/flaps.gif http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/flight/wing2.jpg

13. The Black Pearl: Motor Selection Max Speed: 98 ft/s Max Speed: 98 ft/s Total Drag: 0.28 lb f Total Drag: 0.28 lb f Astro 15 Motor Astro 15 Motor 6,800 RPM 6,800 RPM SHP-0.35 SHP-0.35 Thrust at Cruise: 1.96 lb f Thrust at Cruise: 1.96 lb f T/W Ratio: 0.38 T/W Ratio: 0.38 Gear Drive Combo Gear Drive Combo 12x8 Propeller 12x8 Propeller 12 Cells 12 Cells http://www.flyhobbies.com/astroflightcobalt15geared.htm

14. The Black Pearl: Power Requirements

15. The Black Pearl: Takeoff and Landing Analysis Mission requirements: Mission requirements: 300 ft. max take-off 300 ft. max take-off Without flaps: 211 ft. take-off length Without flaps: 211 ft. take-off length Skid Landing: High Friction Skid Landing: High Friction Leads to low-predictability from spreadsheet Leads to low-predictability from spreadsheet http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/b2bomber/images/DVD-251-2.html

16. The Black Pearl: Stability Design Payload arrangement Payload arrangement Forward C.G.  Positive Static Margin Forward C.G.  Positive Static Margin Wing Sweep: 20 o Wing Sweep: 20 o Wing Twist Wing Twist Washout Washout Reflexed Camber Line Airfoil Reflexed Camber Line Airfoil Low (or positive) moment coefficient Low (or positive) moment coefficient

17. The Black Pearl: Aerodynamic Wing Twist

18. The Black Pearl: Stability Design Part II Winglets Enhance directional stability Wing alone is directionally stable Wing Dihedral: -1o Roll Stability

19. The Black Pearl: Structure Two main spars for structure support Cutout in back of wing 4”x14” for propeller Thin Balsa wood skin Hatches incorporated into fuselage “bubble” for easy access to payload Smoother surface of entire wing

20. The Black Pearl: Structure (cont’d)

21. The Black Pearl: A New Beginning