1. U.S.C.G. UAV’s Enhancing the Common Operational Picture Through Emerging Technologies
LCDR Troy Beshears
UAV Platform Manager
United States Coast Guard

2. U.S.C.G. 212 Years of Homeland Security
Homeland Security has been a primary mission of the CG from the founding of the Revenue Marine in 1790 as the Navy was disbanded after the Revolutionary War.
UAV Employment techniques to improve maritime domain awareness
Sensor combinations to extend shipboard detection capabilities while enhancing classification and identification
Telemetry dissemination and its role in maritime homeland defense
Improving interoperability among joint agencies through the use of tactical control systems

3. UAV Employment techniques to improve Maritime Domain Awareness
One element that is critical that all maritime countries share is the need for Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). We can achieve MDA thru having a Common Operational Picture. For the United States, developing a common maritime operational picture requires well-integrated information from numerous Coast Guard assets, effective multi-agency coordination, and international cooperation from source to delivery point.

4. UAV Altitude/Classification Eagle Eye, Fire scout, Hunter, Pioneer
70K
HAE
Global Hawk
60K
Heron 2
Predator B
50K
Altitude
40K
30K
Medium
Heron 1
Predator A
20K
Eagle Eye, Fire scout, Hunter, Pioneer
10K 10 20
Tactical 30
Endurance (hours)

5. Evaluation of possible deployment sites based on UAV Capabilities
APB

6. Persistent Presence provided by UAVs
Key to Enhancing Common Operational Picture
APB

7. Sensor combinations to extend shipboard detection capabilities while enhancing classification and identification
APB020B

8. Why choose an airborne surveillance sensor?
Large area coverage
Remote area coverage
High-resolution imagery
Long dwell times over areas of interest
Readily available technology
Flexibility in tasking
Ability to operate in hostile environments
Less intrusive – Incidents of mistaken identity or oversealousness, which could trigger civil disturbances when humans are involved, are much less liable to escalate if only a machine is involved.
Real-time data dissemination – Simultaneous reception of information by all parties in decision making progress.
Sensor – small part of whole system
active vs. passive
Day & night
See through smoke, fire , explosions debris cloud
See through toxic fumes
Penetrate foliage
All weather
These are some of the varbles that will drive size, and cost.

9. Imaging Sensors Film & Digital Cameras Low-light TV Cameras
Video cameras are ideal for a wide range of airborne applications including Electronic Surveillance, Documentation and Mapping applications, these system provides operators with valuable features including a high-quality video and digital video recording
An onboard camera relays live video images to the pilot and mission navigator, to a video recorder, or even to other remote ground receivers

10. Imaging Sensors + = Electro-optical/Infrared Imagers (EO/IR)
Multispectral Imagers
Combine Low Light Images with FLIR
Electro-Optical sensors provide high resolution video images. They are most effective in daylight, and are commonly paired with IR sensors. These systems are designed to provide wide area coverage, image stability and long-range magnification.
The interpretability of a given image, a subjective measure of its usefulness assigned by an image analyst, is rated on the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS) for visible and infrared (IR) (passive) imagery and on the National Radar Interpretability Scale (NRIS) for SAR (active) imagery.
By way of comparison, an unarmed individual can be distinguished from an armed one with a 4-8 inch GRD (NIIRS 8), corresponding to an instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 7-14 microradians (mrad). Facial features on an individual can be identified (or at least partially discriminated) with a <4 inch GRD (NIIRS 9), corresponding to an IFOV of less than 7 mrad. Both cases assume a slant range of 4 nm.*
Emerging IR sensors have the potential for detecting and characterizing camouflaged and concealed targets in clutter
Clutter suppression – detect low contrast targets
Low false alarm rate – color discrimination
Relaxed spatial resolution – broad area coverage
Material identification - characterization + =

11. Hyperspectral Data Cube
Imaging Sensors
Hyperspectral Imagers
Hyperspectral Data Cube
Spectral
(Z)
Spatial (X)
Spatial (Y)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Wavelength Band
Reflectance
Tree
Truck
Blue Green
Red Near IR Short Wave IR

12. Imaging Sensors Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) Visual Image SAR Image
Synthetic Aperture Radars – Onboard processing uses the aircraft’s forward motion to simulate a physically larger, fixed antenna, thereby increasing system gain and thus resolution.

13. Imaging Sensors Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radars (ISAR)
LIDAR - In the far term, range-gated laser imaging radars (LIDARs) will complement traditional radars by providing the capability to build three-dimensional images in real time of suspected targets found by the latter.

14. Telemetry Dissemination and its Role in Maritime Homeland Defense

15. Typical Telemetry Dissemination
Key to timely decision making and intelligence interpretation

16. Available Dissemination Capabilities
TCDL Antenna
Telemetry provides for Command &Control of UAV,
System Health Monitoring,
Single Payload 30fps.
UHF Antenna
Provides Command & Control of UAV,
System Health 10fps.
IRIDIUM
Commercial Communication Satellite System
Command & Control of UAV, limited Payload.
KU Band
Over the Horizon Satellite Capability, cost effectiveness vs.
availability.

17. Shortcomings of Line of Sight (LOS) Antennas
Telemetry bandwidth incapable of providing transmission of EO/IR and ISAR payloads simultaneously.
Can only control one UAV at a time, without switching between platforms.
Over the Horizon (OTH) operations require that the air vehicle be operated at or above 10,000 agl beyond 110nm. At this altitude most EO/IR sensors are ineffective at identifying targets of interest.

18. Improving interoperability among joint agencies through the use of tactical control systems & communications

19. TACTICAL CONTROL SYSTEM
TCS PROVIDES :
TCS PROVIDES :
UAV COMMAND AND CONTROL INTEROPERABILITY
UAV COMMAND AND CONTROL INTEROPERABILITY
SENSOR AND PAYLOAD CONTROL
SENSOR AND PAYLOAD CONTROL
RAPID TARGET/ IMAGERY DISSEMINATION
RAPID TARGET/ IMAGERY DISSEMINATION

20. TCS Defined Levels Of AV Command and Control
LEVEL V
Launch &
Recovery
Flight
Control
Payload
Direct Data
Receipt
LEVEL IV
Flight
Control
Payload
Direct Data
Receipt
LEVEL III
Payload
Control
Direct Data
Receipt
LEVEL I
Secondary
Product
LEVEL II
Direct Data Receipt

21. QUESTIONS SEMPER PARATUS Coordinated and Focused on the Real Threats
Prepared for the 21st Century
Today in the new kind of war in which America finds itself, a global war against the scourge of terrorism, the Coast Guard is protecting the maritime approaches to the United States and critical ports overseas. Moreover, because of our distinctive blend of national defense, diplomatic, civilian law enforcement, and humanitarian capabilities, Coast Guard units are continuing to play important roles in maritime presence, crisis response, and combat operations, across the spectrum of US international engagement and military scenarios.
The spirit and discipline of a military service, combined with flexibility, readiness and a commitment to law enforcement, humanitarian service, and safety, have been the powerful blend that contributed the the Coast Guard’s success during our first two centuries of service to America. It is this tradition that will enable the Service to meet the demands of the Next Century. A military, multi-mission, maritime service, the Coast Guard provides a host of complementary capabilities to safeguard U.S. national security interests at home and abroad.- Sempre Paratus, if need be, to make the ultimate sacrifice in war or during times of peace.
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