1. Mission Session – Power & Propulsion April 26-28, 2005 Panel Discussion

2. Outline Review platform classes – Use current examples – Does not imply mission is done with these vehicles! Review missions –Mission introduction –Cycle through each mission, 20 minutes with Q & A –Missions are conceptual in nature Inferences and assumptions may be required Document what is assumed Keep discussion flowing Sets the stage for technology session tomorrow

3. Daughter Ship Class Length5.25 feet (1.6 m) Wingspan 8.6 feet(2.62 m) Aspect Ratio11.8 Weight 59 lbs(27 kg) Endurance10 hrs Range403 miles / 350 nm / 648 km - w/ 2 hour loiter50 mile / 43 nm / 80 km Ceiling15000 ft. (4.5 km) Engine-- Engine footprint -- Engine Weight -- Engine Power 1.26 KW Electric Propulsion Engine SFC -- Fuel Type -- Fuel Capacity 18. 2 lbs (8.3 kg) Data Links -- Speed 43.5 mph / 38 knots 70 kmh Electrical Power 180 Watts Payload Wt. (internal) 13.5 lb (6.14 kg) (volume) ~ 0.482 ft 3 or 0.0137 m 3

4. Small UAV Class A Length6.2 feet (1.9 m) Wingspan 9.5 feet(2.9 m) Aspect Ratio15.3 Weight (Empty)18.1 lbs (8.2 kg) (Launch)33.1 lbs(15 kg) Endurance30 hrs + Range1800 miles / 1564 nm (2897 km) Ceilingup to 21,000 ft. (med weight) Engine24cc Fuel Injected Piston Powered Engine footprint -- Engine Weight -- Engine Power 1.2 KW Engine SFC -- Fuel Type Premium Unleaded Gasoline Fuel Capacity 11 lbs / 5 kg (1.7 gallons) Data Links UHF (uplink) Sat (downlink) Speed 47- 92 mph / 41- 80 kts / 76-148 kmh Electrical Power 50 Watts Payload Wt. (internal) 5 lb (2.27 kg) w/ full fuel or 11 lb (5 kg) max (volume) 0.482 ft 3 or 0.0137 m 3

5. Small UAV Class B Length12 feet (3.66 m) Wingspan 12 feet (3.66 m) Aspect Ratio13 Weight (Empty) 30 lbs (13.6 kg) (Gross)55 lbs (25 kg) Endurance8 hours Range~ 600 miles / 521 nm (966 km) Ceiling9000 ft (2744 m) EngineFuji BT- 86 Twin Cyl (2 stroke) Engine footprint0.368 ft 3 (0.0104 m 3 ) Engine Weight6.2 lbs (2.8 kg) Engine Power 7.5 hp @ max RPM Engine SFC 2 oz./min @ max RPM Fuel Type 40:1 Gasoline/Oil Mix Fuel Capacity 12 lbs Data Links UHF (uplink/downlink) Speed 45-90 mph / 39-78 knots / 145 kmh Electrical Power N/A Payload Wt. (Internal) 22 lbs (10 kg) (volume) 1.01 ft 3 (0.0286 m 3 )

6. Medium UAV Class Length36 feet (11 m) Wingspan 66 feet (20.12 m) Aspect Ratio16 Weight (empty)3050 lb (1380 kg) (max T/O) 10000 lbs (4,536 kg) Endurance32 hrs (clean) 24 hrs (w/ external stores) Range2250 nm (4630 km) Ceiling50000 ft (15.2 km) EngineHoneywell TPE 331-10T Engine footprint2.18 ft. DIA (0.66 m) x 3.9 ft. (0.84 m) length Engine Weight385 lbs (175 kg) Engine Power995 HP (746 KW) @ takeoff Engine SFC0.56 lb/h/shp @ takeoff Fuel TypeJet A Fuel Capacity3500 lbs (1588 kg) Data LinksSatcom: UHF/Ku-Band LOS: C-Band Speed259 mph / 225 knots/ 416 kph Electrical Power4.5 KW Payload Wt. (Internal)800 lbs (363 kg) (External)3000 lbs (1364 kg) - 2 Inboard hardpts 1500 lbs (680 kg) - 2 center hardpts350 lbs (159 kg) - 2 outboard hardpts 150 lbs (68 kg) (volume)46 ft 3 (1.3 m 3 )

7. Large UAV Class Length44.4 ft.(13.53 m) Wingspan 116 feet (34.8 m) Aspect Ratio25 Weight (empty)8940 lbs (4,055 kg) (max T/O)25600 lbs (11,612 kg) Endurance35 Hours Range12000 nm (22224 km) Ceiling65000 ft. (19.5 km) EngineRolls Royce-Allison AE3007H turbofan (5:1 bypass ratio) Engine footprint3.21 ft. (0.98 m) DIA x 8.9 ft. (2.7m) Length Engine Weight1581 lbs (717.1 kg) Engine Power33.8 KN, 7600 lb static thrust at sea level Engine SFC0.38 lb/s/lb @ takeoff Fuel TypeJP-8 Fuel Capacity 14,700 lbs (6,668 kg) Data LinksSatcom: UHF/Ku-Band LOS: UHF and CDL Speed391 mph (340 knots/630 kmh) Electrical Power10 KVA Payload Wt. (internal) 2000 lbs (909 kg) or (external) 2000 lbs (909 kg) 2 (1000 lb) wing hard points (volume)~ 150 ft 3 (1.3 m 3 )

8. Very Long Endurance UAV Class Length12 feet (3.6 m) Wingspan 250 feet (75.1 m) Aspect Ratio25.75 Weight (Gross)1600 lbs (727.3 kg) (Empty)1322 lbs(601 kg) Endurance168 hrs. (1 week) Range-- Ceiling100 K ft. (30 km) Engine footprint~ 3 ft 3 (0.914 m 3 ) per engine Engine Weight~ 12-13 lbs per motor (182 lbs or 82.7 kg total) Engine Power 2 hp or 1.5 KW per motor Engine SFCN/A Fuel TypeElectric Fuel Capacity N/A Data Links S (Downlink) and L Band (Uplink) Speed19-27 mph / 17-23 knots / 43.5 kmh - low altitude 170 mph / 148 knots / 274 kmh - high altitude Electrical Power1 KW @ 100 K ft. (30 km) 5 KW @ 60 K ft. (18 km) Payload Wt. (internal)100 lbs (45.5 kg) @ 100 K ft. (30 km) 600 lbs (272.7 kg) @ 70 K ft. (21 km) (external) 5 pods additional space (volume)~ 20 ft 3 (0.567 m 3 )

9. Mission Characteristics Six Mission descriptions provided: –Hurricane Genesis, Evolution, and Landfall –Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements –Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment –Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle –Antarctic Explorer (Cyrosphere) –Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry Assumptions across all missions –OTH network centric communications –‘File and fly’ access to airspace –‘Plug and Play’ open architecture –Capable of 100% nominal autonomous sensor operation

10. Hurricane Genesis, Evolution and Landfall Science objective: Observation of hurricanes to improve predictions of hurricane paths and landfall. Remote, high altitude measurements: Tropospheric measurements: Boundary Layer: - Precipitation - Clouds - Meteorological sounding - Electrical activity - Microphysics - Dust - 4-D thermodynamics - Winds - Sea surface temperature - Surface winds - Surface imaging - Turbulent flux - Surface state: wave spectra, sea spume, etc

11. Hurricane Genesis, Evolution and Landfall High altitude, Mother Ship UAV: Very Long Endurance Platform –Payload: 1000 lbs, 100 – 200 ft 3, 1 – 2 kW Tropospheric UAV: Daughter Platform -Microphysics (typical of drop-sondes, thermodynamics) –Payload: ??? Boundary layer UAV: Small Platform –Payload: ??? - Optical Imager: lightning - Meteorological sonde - Daughter ships - Radar: cloud and precipitation - GPS reflectance: surface wave spectra - Lidar: surface wave spectra - Sounder: water vapor and temperature - Radiometer: cloud and precipitation - Infrared pyrometer: SST - Winds - Optical imager: surface imaging - Meteorological sonde: in-situ - XRBT thermocline - Turbulence flux

12. Hurricane

13. Hurricane Genesis, Evolution and Landfall Key mission characteristics: –High Altitude, Long Endurance Remote mother platform: 65K ft / 2-3 weeks –Daughter ships => deploy/retrieve –Formation (coordinated) flight –Multi-ship operation –Quick turn-around –Re-tasking mission during flight Satellite data Remote, mother platform observations Scientist –Payload directed flight –Terrain avoidance boundary layer platform

14. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements Science objective: study transformations of aerosols and gases in following cloud systems –Convective systems –Sea breeze cloud formation –Marine stratiform –Contrails in the Central U.S. in air traffic regions –Synoptic scale systems & Fronts –Cirrus outflow Measurement - Water vapor, total water, water isotopes - Temperature - Pressure - Winds - Ozone - Lightning - Aerosols and cloud particles - Source gases and tracers - IR radiance - Radicals

15. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor and Total Water Measurements Cloud and aerosol particles –Chemical composition –Number, size, volume –Habit –Extinction and absorption Source gases and tracers –Hydrocarbons, Formaldehyde -HN0 3, NO y, CO 2, CO, HCl, CH 3 I, HCl -Sulfur species (e.g. H 2 SO 4, SO 2 ) Radicals –NO, NO 2, OH –HO 2, RO 2

16. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements In-flow & out-flow in-situ UAV: Medium platform –Lidar, Microwave, Doppler Radar, FTIR, Ultra-violet spectrometer (UV-Vis), atmospheric samplers –Payload: 1600 lbs, 180 ft 3, 10 kW Convective in-situ UAV: Medium platform –Lidar, Microwave, Doppler Radar, FTIR, Ultra-violet spectrometer (UV-Vis), Electrical Activity –Payload: 1600 lbs, 180 ft 3, 10 kW Remote UAV: Very Long Endurance platform –Lidar, Microwave, Doppler Radar, Drop-sonde, FTIR, Optical Imager, UV-Vis, 95 GHz radar –Payload: 1600 lbs, 180 ft 3, 10 kW

17. - Lidar #1 - water vapor - Lidar #2 – temperature, ozone, aerosol and cloud particles - Microwave – temperature - Doppler radar – winds - UV-Vis - ozone - FTIR – ozone, IR radiance - Optical imager – lightning - 95 Ghz radar – aerosol and cloud particles (ice water content) - Atmospheric samplers – cloud and aerosol particles, source gases and tracers, radicals Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements Sensor Measurements

18. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements, cont’d

19. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements Key mission characteristics: –High altitude, long endurance 3 – 5 days –All weather Convective in-situ platform –Range: 22,000 nmi –Terrain avoidance In-flow in-situ platform –Formation (coordinated) flight –Multi-ship operations –Quick turn around –Re-tasking mission during flight Remote platform observations Weather, cloud, chemical forecasts –Vertical profiling –Payload directed flight –4 week campaign with 2 -3 flights

20. Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment Science objective: understand the influence of an active fire on carbon cycle dynamics Measurements: –Atmospheric chemistry –Thermal intensity time-series –Plume composition: volume, albedo, particle size distribution –Fuel type and quality

21. Remote UAV: Medium or Large platform –Imaging Spectrometer [thermal, midwave, shortwave IR] Hyperspectral (350 – 2500 nm) Downword looking port 5 – 20m horizontal, 5 – 50 km swath < 50 kg weight –Lidar Resolution:.05 – 20 micron Downword looking port 1 m horizontal, 15 cm vertical < 3 km swath 30 kg weight - Payload: 130 lbs, 10 – 30 ft 3,.8 kW In-situ UAV: Medium platform – Isotope ratio mass spectrometers – Gas chromatographer – Non-dispersive infrared (IR) analyzer –Payload: 200 lbs Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment

22. Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment, cont’d

23. Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment Key mission characteristics: –Endurance: 24 – 72 hours –All weather In-situ platform flies in plume of fire –Formation (coordinated) flying –Multi-ship operations –Quick deployment / Quick turn-around –Re-tasking mission during flight –Payload directed flight –Engine emissions can’t affect measurements

24. Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle Science objective: local to regional sea-air flux measurements that reduce uncertainty in global measurements and models of CO2 flux Measurements –Measure winds –CO2 –Sea state (obstacle avoidance) –Surface temperature

25. UAV: small platform Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle - CO2 sensor (1 sample/m @ 150 m/sec) - INU & GPS - Hydrometer - Radiometer - Ocean optics spectrometer - Hyper-spectral radiometer - Interferometer - Payload: 66 lbs,.7 ft 3,.25 kW

26. Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle, cont’d

27. Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle Key mission characteristics: –Endurance: 48 hr –Low altitude flight: < 10K ft –Coordinated flight (swarm) –Multi-ship operations –Re-tasking mission during flight Sensor payload Satellite data Model forecasts –Vertical profiling –Remote base operation (potentially ships) –Payload directed flight

28. Antarctic Explorer (Cryosphere) Science objective: –Provide data for validating simulations of the dynamics of ice and land topography, iceberg volume, glacier profiles and glacier channel profiles –Provide data on the effect on the ocean environment Measurements - Time dependence of ice and land topography - Coastal and open ocean salinity temperature, and currents, at surface and beneath iceberg depths - Time evolution of targeted iceberg freeboard volume, land glacier profiles, and glacier channel profiles - Atmospheric boundary layer observations at high space/time resolution

29. Antarctic Explorer UAV: Medium or Large platform - Optical imager - Magnetometer - Radar depth sounder: ice sheet thickness - Drop-buoys: sea salinity, currents (at surface and beneath iceberg depths), temperature - Scanning Lidar: topographic mapping - Payload: 1000 lbs, 10 – 20 ft 3,.5 kW

30. Antarctic Explorer, cont’d

31. Antarctic Explorer Key mission characteristics: –Endurance: > 12 hr on-station (low altitude) –Range: Antarctic continent –All weather –Terrain avoidance –Quick deploy –Quick turn around –Re-tasking mission during flight Dynamic event, e.g. ice shelf break-up –Remote base operations –One mission every 3 days for 2 months, during ice break-ups

32. Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry Science objective: Provide 3-dimensional vegetation structure and information on composition and chemistry Measurements –Terrestrial biomass –Leaf-level chemistry (eg. lignin, xanthophylls, etc.) –Water canopy content

33. Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry UAV 1: Medium Platform – Synthetic aperature radar (L=structure) 5-10m horizontal; 1m vertical 5-20km swath single pass interferometry –Payload: 630 lbs, 30 ft 3, 2 – 3 kW UAV 2: Medium Platform –Synthetic aperature radar (p=ground return) 5-10m horizontal; 1m vertical 5-20km swath single pass interferometry –Imaging spectrometer Hyperspectral (350nm-2500nm), 10nm channels downward-looking port 5-20m horizontal 5-50km swath –Payload: 760 lbs, 45 ft 3, 2.2 – 3.7 kW UAV 3: Medium Platform –Synthetic aperature radar (x=top of canopy) –Lidar 2 frequency (525m, 1050nm), waveform digitized downward-looking port 1m horizontal; 15cm vertical –Payload: 700 lbs, 35 ft 3, 2.6 – 3.6 kW

34. Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry, cont’d

35. Key mission characteristics: –Endurance: 12 – 24 hr –Formation (coordinated) flight –Multi-ship operations –Flights weekly during seasons of interest Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry

36. Logistics Meet 8:00 am tomorrow at Ballroom A Shortly after will split: –Sensor track: Room 335 –Power and Propulsion Track: Room 312