2. Section 1 Introduction to Drafting
Chapter 1
Drafting and the Drafter
Section 1 Introduction to Drafting

3. Objectives Define the role of drafting in industry.
Explain the purpose of technical drawings.
Describe how sketches are used to communicate ideas.
List and describe the four steps in the design method.
Explain the importance of models in industry.
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4. Objectives
Identify the types of careers available in drafting and related fields.
Describe the educational background and skills required for careers in drafting and related fields.
Describe the duties associated with different types of careers in drafting.
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5. Drafting Permits ideas to be represented graphically.
Facilitates production of technical drawing.
Often described as “graphic language.”
Serves key role in design, manufacturing, and construction.
(Garmin International)
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6. Drafting (Cont.) Same principles applied in manual drafting and CAD.
Standard conventions and industry practices observed.
Types of drawings vary by design application.
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7. Types of Technical Drawings
Sketches
Mechanical drawings
Sets of drawings
Presentation drawings
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8. Sketches Used to illustrate mental image of product.
May be detailed or schematic.
May promote collaboration with others.
Often used to quickly communicate concept.
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9. Mechanical Drawings More refined than sketches.
Typically made using CAD.
Used to represent definitive solution.
Scale shown to indicate size and shape.
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10. Mechanical Drawing
(Autodesk, Inc.)
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11. Set of Drawings Used to document complete product.
Commonly used in manufacturing and construction.
Includes production details.
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12. Presentation Drawings
Typically, combination of drawings and documentation.
Pictorial drawings commonly used.
Developed to highlight product and earn client approval.
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13. Presentation Drawings (Cont.)
(Image courtesy of SolidWorks Corporation)
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14. Technical Drawings Types developed depend on purpose.
Patent applications
Advertising
Technical literature
Maintenance and repair
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15. Problem Solving Essential skill for drafters and designers.
Methods vary depending on problem type.
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16. Types of Problems Well-structured problems Semi-structured problems
Nonstructured problems
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17. Well-Structured Problems
Generally associated with only one solution.
Typically require convergent thinking.
Solution may be derived from algorithms.
Ability to solve builds solving ability for other problems.
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18. Semi-Structured Problems
Involve greater complexity.
May have more than one solution.
Solved by heuristics.
May involve study of manufacturing processes and costs.
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19. Nonstructured Problems
Best solution among several identified.
Divergent thinking often applied.
Input from designers and engineers typical.
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20. Design Method Widely used by engineers and designer/drafters.
Involves systematic procedure to produce design.
(NASA)
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21. Steps in the Design Method
Problem definition
Preliminary solutions
Preliminary solution refinement
Decision and implementation
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22. Problem Definition Problem statement clarified.
Problem requirements specified.
Limitations outlined.
Related questions addressed in research.
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23. Preliminary Solutions
Creative thinking required.
May involve group work and brainstorming.
Step should yield as many solutions as possible.
Experience and knowledge greatly affect results.
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24. Preliminary Solution Refinement
Best solutions combined.
Sketches made for further evaluation.
Three or four solutions selected for final consideration.
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25. Decision and Implementation
Ratings developed to compare solutions.
Top-rated solution implemented.
Working drawings and model developed.
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26. Design Solution
(Ford)
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27. Models Made to facilitate communication between personnel.
Advantages include improved visualization.
Used extensively in product presentation and promotion.
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28. Types of Models Scale model Mockup Prototype
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29. Scale Models Made to reduced or enlarged scale.
Constructed by modelmakers.
Made from standard modeling materials.
(NASA)
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30. Virtual Reality Involves use of special equipment and operations.
Commonly used in medical testing and space exploration.
(NASA)
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31. Stereolithography Used to make design prototypes.
Applies CAD-generated design data.
Plastic models produced for evaluation.
Process similar to CNC machine operation.
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32. Careers in Drafting Many opportunities available.
Same fundamental skills and procedures involved in each discipline.
College training encouraged.
Degree not required for drafting-specific job titles.
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33. Careers in Drafting (Cont.)
Drafting trainee
Detail drafter
Layout drafter
Design drafter
Checker
Technical illustrator
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34. Drafting Trainee Basic drafting skills required.
Work supervised by senior personnel.
Revisions and development of working drawings typical.
Core courses and CAD training recommended.
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35. Detail Drafter Must possess strong drafting fundamentals.
Usually works as detailer.
Makes drawings for manufacturing or construction.
Must know standards, calculations, and design procedures.
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36. Layout Drafter Develops drawings to prove out design.
Works with sketches and models.
Must understand machining processes and material types.
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37. Design Drafter Represents highest-level drafter.
Prepares detail and assembly drawings.
Must understand engineering procedures and shop practices.
Usually supervises other drafters.
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38. Checker Reviews and approves drawings.
Must understand manufacturing processes and drafting standards.
May suggest changes for production purposes.
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39. Technical Illustrator
Draws parts and assemblies pictorially.
Must possess strong drafting and visual skills.
Makes drawings that help others interpret designs.
Must be artistic and familiar with industrial design.
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40. Technical Illustration
Used to clarify design and construction.
Cutaways typically developed.
(Ford)
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41. Careers Related to Drafting
College education and advanced CAD skills typically required.
Architect
Industrial designer
Engineer
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42. Architect Designs and supervises building projects.
Typically specializes in given construction application.
Works from client needs.
College and CAD training usually required.
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43. Architect (Cont.) Develops series of drawings throughout project.
Preliminary plans
Sketches
Finished drawings
Presentation renderings
(Autodesk, Inc.)
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44. Architecture Specializations
City planning
Landscape architecture
Residential construction
Commercial construction
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45. Industrial Designer
Specializes in product design or mechanical design.
Must understand problem-solving methods.
Often works with team of professionals.
Must be well-versed in mathematics and science.
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46. Product Design Creative design solutions.
Solutions for living or working needs.
(SEATCASE, Inc.)
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47. Engineer Develops practical problem solutions.
Often specializes in specific design area.
Must understand computers, science, and mathematics.
Often works with other members of design team.
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48. Engineering Specializations
Aerospace engineer
Agricultural engineer
Ceramic engineer
Chemical engineer
Civil engineer
Electrical engineer
Industrial engineer
Mechanical engineer
Metallurgical engineer
Nuclear engineer
Petroleum engineer
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49. Aerospace Engineering
Typically involves specialization in one area.
Aerodynamics
Propulsion systems
Structures
Instrumentation
Manufacturing
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50. Civil Engineering Involves design of major construction projects.
Roads
Airports
Water systems
Dams
Bridges
(Panama Canal Commission)
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51. Electrical Engineering
Involves work in three specialization areas.
Electrical power
Electronics
Computer engineering
(Baldor)
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52. Industrial Engineering
Involves design and operation of manufacturing systems.
Engineering solutions for improved processes.
Working with engineers in other fields.
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53. Mechanical Engineering
Involves design of mechanical devices and parts.
Machinery
Vehicles
Manufacturing facilities
(Jack Klasey)
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54. Metallurgical Engineering
Typically involves specialization in one area.
Mining and extraction
Refining
Welding
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55. Review Questions 1. Drafting is the process of creating _____.
A. scale models
B. technical drawings
C. algorithms
D. prototypes
B. technical drawings
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56. Review Questions
2. _____ problems generally have only one correct answer and are solved through convergent thinking.
Well-structured
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57. Review Questions
3. When applying the design method, in which step are sketches made?
A. Problem definition
B. Decision and implementation
C. Preliminary solution refinement
D. Sketches are made in each step.
C. Preliminary solution refinement
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58. Review Questions
4. A(n) _____ is a full-size operating model of an actual object.
A. scale model
B. surface model
C. mockup
D. prototype
D. prototype
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59. Review Questions
5. _____ is a prototyping process in which plastic models are produced for evaluation.
A. Virtual reality
B. Stereolithography
C. Technical illustration
D. Brainstorming
B. Stereolithography
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60. Review Questions
6. A _____ is considered to have the highest level of drafting skill.
A. design drafter
B. drafting trainee
C. layout drafter
D. detail drafter
A. design drafter
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61. Review Questions
7. Which member of a design firm is most likely to have a college degree?
A. Checker
B. Architect
C. Technical illustrator
D. Detail drafter
B. Architect
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62. Review Questions
8. The two career areas in industrial design are product design and _____ design.
mechanical
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63. Review Questions
9. _____ engineers design major construction projects such as transportation systems.
A. Chemical
B. Ceramic
C. Metallurgical
D. Civil
D. Civil
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64. Glossary Aerospace engineer Agricultural engineer
Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of conventional and experimental aircraft and aerospace vehicles.
Agricultural engineer
Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of farm machinery, farm structures, processing equipment, and control and conservation of water resources.
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65. Glossary Algorithms Architect
Mathematical equations useful in solving well-structured problems.
Architect
Person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of residential, commercial, and industrial building projects.
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66. Glossary Brainstorming Ceramic engineer
A means of working with others to develop creative solutions to problems. Each person makes suggestions as they come to mind.
Ceramic engineer
Engineer concerned with the design and development of nonmetallic materials into useful products.
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67. Glossary Chemical engineer Checker
Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of processes and equipment that convert raw materials into useful products.
Checker
An experienced drafter who reviews drawings for accuracy, completeness, clarity, and manufacturing feasibility.
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68. Glossary Civil engineer Design
Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of transportation systems, as well as the design and construction of water systems, waste disposal systems, marine harbors, pipelines, buildings, dams, and bridges.
Design
The result of creative imagination that forms ideas as preliminary solutions to problems.
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69. Glossary Design drafter Design method
A senior level drafter who does layout work and prepares complex drawings from basic data supplied by architects, engineers, or industrial designers.
Design method
A systematic procedure for approaching a design problem and arriving at a solution.
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70. Glossary Detail drafter Detailer
A person who is well-informed in the fundamentals of drafting, and has gained proficiency and speed in handling instruments or CAD software.
Detailer
Person who revises drawings and bills of material, prepares detail drawings, and works on simple assembly drawings, wiring or circuit diagrams, charts, and graphs.
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71. Glossary Drafting Drafting trainee
The process of creating technical drawings.
Drafting trainee
Person who works under the close supervision of senior drafting personnel. Typical duties include revising drawings, redrawing or repairing damaged drawings, and gathering information from reference sources needed to detail components.
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72. Glossary Electrical engineer Heuristics
Engineer who specializes in electrical power, electronics, or computer engineering.
Heuristics
Guidelines that usually lead to acceptable solutions.
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73. Glossary Industrial designer Industrial engineer
Designer who develops solutions to problems that involve esthetics, materials, manufacturing processes, human factors, and creativity.
Industrial engineer
Engineer concerned with the design, operation, and management of systems.
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74. Glossary Landscape architecture Layout drafter
The design of parks, golf courses, and other outdoor facilities.
Layout drafter
Person who proves out the product design, using sketches and models and a scaled layout drawing.
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75. Glossary Mechanical drawings Mechanical engineer
Drawings that show an idea or product in a more refined or improved state than sketches. Size, shape, and form have been developed to provide a scaled representation of the object.
Mechanical engineer
Engineer who specializes in the design and development of mechanical devices, such as machinery, automobiles, or jet engines.
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76. Glossary Metallurgical engineer Mockup Model
Engineer involved in the location, extraction, and refining of metals.
Mockup
A full-size model that simulates an actual machine or part.
Model
A three-dimensional scale replica, mockup, or prototype.
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77. Glossary Nuclear engineer Petroleum engineer
Engineer involved in research, design, and development in the field of nuclear energy.
Petroleum engineer
Engineer involved in the location and recovery of petroleum resources and the development and transportation of petroleum products.
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78. Glossary Presentation drawings Problem
Several drawings and other information combined together for the purpose of securing acceptance of a proposed product.
Problem
A situation, question, or matter requiring choices and action for a solution.
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79. Glossary Problem solving Prototype
The process of seeking practical solutions to a problem.
Prototype
A full-size operating model of the actual object.
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80. Glossary Scale model Sketches
A replica of the actual, or proposed object. It is made smaller or larger to show proper proportion, relative size of parts, and general overall appearance.
Sketches
Drawings, normally drawn freehand, that allow an idea to be communicated, manipulated, and refined.
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81. Glossary Stereolithography Technical drawing
Process that produces a hard plastic model that can be studied to determine whether changes need to be made to a part.
Technical drawing
A graphic representation of a real thing—an idea, an object, a process, or a system.
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82. Glossary Technical illustrator Virtual reality
Person who prepares drawings, usually in pictorial form, to clarify designs and assembled objects.
Virtual reality
A very modern, experimental type of research that uses computer models and simulators in interactive operations.
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