1. GroFutures: Groundwater Futures in Sub-Saharan Africa. UpGro Consortium grant 2015-19 Understanding climate impacts on Groundwater Martin Todd, University of Sussex m.todd@sussex.ac.uk

2. Context: Africa is changing rapidly and demand for fresh water will increase e.g. Demand for piped water in rapidly growing urban centres e.g. Intensified agriculture.

3. Allen and Ingram (2002) Nature % change in water vapour with warming % change in global mean precipitation with warming Global average precipitation ~3% increase per degree C warming Heavy rainfall may follow C-C relation 7% per degree warming How might the global water cycle respond to a warmer climate?

4. Pattern reflects ‘wet get wetter’ vs ‘warmest get wetter’ and other changes to atmospheric circulation (Stippled dots show where change is bigger than internal variability, hatching where change is less than internal variability) Spatial pattern of change in precipitation is highly variable and uncertain

5. Climate impacts on groundwater: a neglected issue? Groundwater – climate change impact studies lag behind those for surface hydrology –‘Both detection of changes in groundwater systems and attribution of those changes to climatic changes are rare owing to a lack of appropriate observation wells and a small number of studies’ –‘the relation between groundwater and climate change was rarely investigated before 2007’ (IPCC AR5 WG2, 2014)

6. Initial case study Semi-arid Tanzania (In weathered crystalline rock environments that underlie 40% of sub-Saharan Africa Initial case study Semi-arid Tanzania (In weathered crystalline rock environments that underlie 40% of sub-Saharan Africa Long term data: many decades Cover the primary hydrogeological and developmental contexts Improving our understanding: GroFutures will establish a Network of African Groundwater Observatories

7. Case study: Episodic recharge at Makutapora in semi-arid Tanzania Makutapora wellfield supplies capital city Dodoma Taylor et al. (2013) Nature Climate Change 3: 374-378. Provides the longest, published record of groundwater levels anywhere in the tropics Highly non- linear rainfall- recharge relationship Recharge occurs only 1 year in 5

8. Episodic groundwater recharge events linked to global pattern of climate variability Sub-continent wide pattern of rainfall anomalies associated with the 7 largest GW recharge events Taylor et al. (2013) Nature Climate Change 3: 374-378. Timeseries of this rainfall pattern related to ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole pattern

9. Projected increase in seasonal extreme rainfall is greater than for the mean This may favour GW recharge Spread of projected percentage change in mean (left) and 90 th percentile rainfall (right) in IPCC AR5 models Recharge futures? Taylor et al. (2013) Nature Climate Change 3: 374-378. Central Tanzania, 2070-99

10. e.g. WaterGAP: Portmann et al. (2013) Environ. Res. Lett. 8: 024023. Large-scale models project a very mixed and uncertain picture Projected climate change impacts on recharge

11. Confronting the model world with the real world Good simulation occurs ‘by chance’ as JULES does not have explicit groundwater recharge process Makutapora observations WaterGap model Jules model Is this non-linear relationship observed at a few locations in the tropical Africa widespread? Observations in Africa reveal recharge pathways (focused, non-matrix) completely divorced from models commonly used to estimate recharge

12. Summary of GroFutures activities Data: NAGO network of study sites. High quality, long-term data Process understanding: Rainfall-recharge realtionships and recharge pathways Models: Improve GW models at study sites Future Projections of GW resource: Based on climate and socio-economic developmental scenarios GW management and decision-making: Apply ‘pathways’ approach to inform sustainable and ‘pro-poor’ GW development.

13. GroFutures Pathways Approach Pathways analysis rooted in extensive, multi-level stakeholder engagement and multi-criteria mapping ‘Open up’ range of GW development pathways: bush paths/motorways Evaluate viability and sustainability of identified pathways

14. Conclusions Rapid development in Africa will inevitably result in substantial increases in demand for freshwater Sustainable development requires improved understanding of the resource –Initial analysis indicates the need for long term data across Africa –Model development Pro-poor GW management GroFutures hopes to address these issues