1. CHEMISTRY 1211 Chapter 1

2. CHEMISTRY WHAT IS IT? SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE COMPOSITION AND ENERGY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND ENERGY THAT MATTER UNDERGOES.

3. WHAT IS A SCIENCE? SCIENCE AN ORGANIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

4. Scientific Method: A systematic approach to solving problems.

5. WHAT IS MATTER? MATTER ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND OCCUPIES SPACE

6. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

8. States of Matter

9. Classification of Matter

10. MATTER PURE SUBSTANCES ORMIXTURES

11. DISTINCT PROPERTIES DISTINCT PROPERTIES CONSTANT COMPOSITION CONSTANT COMPOSITION TWO TYPES: TWO TYPES: ELEMENTS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS

12. PURE SUBSTANCES ELEMENT: SUBSTANCE CONTAINING ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM ELEMENT: SUBSTANCE CONTAINING ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM

13. ATOM THE SMALLEST REPRESENTATIVE PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT

14. PURE SUBSTANCES COMPOUND: SUBSTANCE CONTAINING TWO OR MORE TYPES OF ATOMS IN A FIXED RATIO COMPOUND: SUBSTANCE CONTAINING TWO OR MORE TYPES OF ATOMS IN A FIXED RATIO

15. MIXTURES CONTAINS TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES CONTAINS TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES TWO TYPES TWO TYPES HETEROGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS

16. HETEROGENEOUS SUBSTANCES ARE VISUALLY DISTINGUISHABLE HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTANCES ARE VISUALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE

17. PROPERTIES OF MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES vs CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES vs CHEMICAL PROPERTIES INTENSIVE PROPERTIES vs EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES INTENSIVE PROPERTIES vs EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

18. PHYSICAL vs CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CAN BE MEASURED WITHOUT CHANGING THE IDENTITY OR COMPOSITION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CAN BE MEASURED WITHOUT CHANGING THE IDENTITY OR COMPOSITION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DESCRIBE THE WAY A SUBSTANCE CHANGES OR REACTS TO FORM OTHER SUBSTANCES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DESCRIBE THE WAY A SUBSTANCE CHANGES OR REACTS TO FORM OTHER SUBSTANCES

19. INTENSIVE vs EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES INTENSIVE – NOT DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE PRESENT (TEMPERATURE, DENSITY, COLOR, MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT, ETC.) INTENSIVE – NOT DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE PRESENT (TEMPERATURE, DENSITY, COLOR, MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT, ETC.) EXTENSIVE – DEPENDS ON AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE PRESENT (MASS AND VOLUME) EXTENSIVE – DEPENDS ON AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE PRESENT (MASS AND VOLUME)

20. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT THE SI SYSTEM LENGTH- METER (m) LENGTH- METER (m) VOLUME- LITER (L) VOLUME- LITER (L) TIME- SECOND (s) TIME- SECOND (s) MASS- KILOGRAM (kg) MASS- KILOGRAM (kg) TEMPERATURE- KELVIN (K) TEMPERATURE- KELVIN (K)

21. TEMPERATURE K = o C + 273.15 AND o C = 5/9 ( o F - 32) OR o F = 9/5 ( o C) + 32

22. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES aka SIG FIGS akaSF

23. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN COUNTING AND DEFINITIONS, THERE ARE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF SIG FIGS IN COUNTING AND DEFINITIONS, THERE ARE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF SIG FIGS IN MEASUREMENTS, THE NUMBER OF SIG FIGS CONSISTS OF ALL CERTAIN AND THE FIRST UNCERTAIN DIGITS IN MEASUREMENTS, THE NUMBER OF SIG FIGS CONSISTS OF ALL CERTAIN AND THE FIRST UNCERTAIN DIGITS

24. RULES FOR READING/RECORDING MEASURED VALUES LEADING ZEROS ARE NEVER SIGNIFICANT LEADING ZEROS ARE NEVER SIGNIFICANT CAPTIVE ZEROS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT CAPTIVE ZEROS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT TRAILING ZEROS ARE SIGNIFICANT ONLY IF A DECIMAL IS PRESENT TRAILING ZEROS ARE SIGNIFICANT ONLY IF A DECIMAL IS PRESENT

25. ROUNDING RULES LOOK ONLY AT NUMBER JUST TO RIGHT OF NUMBER YOU ARE ROUNDING TO: LOOK ONLY AT NUMBER JUST TO RIGHT OF NUMBER YOU ARE ROUNDING TO: IF 5 OR MORE, ROUND UP IF 5 OR MORE, ROUND UP IF LESS THAN 5, ROUND DOWN IF LESS THAN 5, ROUND DOWN

26. MATH OPERATIONS INVOLVING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES MULTIPLICATION / DIVISION: ANSWER WILL HAVE SAME TOTAL # OF SIG FIGS AS THE NUMBER WITH THE LEAST TOTAL # OF SIG FIGS MULTIPLICATION / DIVISION: ANSWER WILL HAVE SAME TOTAL # OF SIG FIGS AS THE NUMBER WITH THE LEAST TOTAL # OF SIG FIGS ADDITION / SUBTRACTION: ANSWER HAS SAME # OF DIGITS AFTER DECIMAL AS THE NUMBER WITH THE LEAST # OF DIGITS AFTER THE DECIMAL ADDITION / SUBTRACTION: ANSWER HAS SAME # OF DIGITS AFTER DECIMAL AS THE NUMBER WITH THE LEAST # OF DIGITS AFTER THE DECIMAL

27. GENERAL RULE CARRY ALL FIGURES THROUGH TO THE END OF A PROBLEM. ROUND THE FINAL ANSWER TO THE CORRECT NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES.

28. Accuracy versus Precision Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity. Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity. Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other. Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.

29. DENSITY DENSITY IS AN INTENSIVE PROPERTY OF MATTER. THEREFORE, DENSITY IS INDEPENDENT OF HOW MUCH SAMPLE IS PRESENT

30. DENSITY DENSITY IS DEFINED AS THE MASS PER UNIT VOLUME OF A SUBSTANCE D = m/V USUALLY IN UNITS OF: g/mL or g/cm 3