1. ICP2008, July 20-25, Berlin, Germany IS-008 Tolerance for ambiguity, creativity, and personality Relation of ambiguity tolerance Relation of ambiguity tolerance to cognitive and affective needs: to cognitive and affective needs: A cross cultural content analysis A cross cultural content analysis Katya Stoycheva Todd Lubart Franck Zenasni Kalina Popova

2. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) PURPOSE  examine the relation of ambiguity tolerance to cognitive and affective individual difference measures  carry out a content analysis of these scales’ items

3. CL1 - CL42 need for closure ST43 - ST54 need for structure CG55 - CG99 need for cognition EV100 - EV115 need for evaluation PR116 - PR135 need for precision UN136 - UN162 intolerance of uncertainty AF163 - AF188 need for affect Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008)

4. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) JUDGES 10 Bulgarian doctoral students 1 men and 9 women aged 24 to 30 10 French doctoral students 2 men and 8 women aged 26 to 38 ITEMS 188 items translated into Bulgarian and into French

5. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) Judges’ ratings of the 188 items : ò related - not related to the AT construct ò how much related to AT strongly - moderately - weakly ò coded as 0 - 1 - 2 - 3

6. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) Categories of items r Items with consensus on relatedness r Items with consensus on non relatedness r Items with opposite consensus in the two groups of judges r Items with no consensus in both groups r Items with a consensus in one of the groups but not in the other

7. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) CL ST CG EV PR UN AF Items 42 12 45 16 20 27 26 Related 38 11 13 10 19 26 4 Non related 6 10 Opposite 1 1 1 No consensus 1 8 1 Differing 3 17 5 1 1 11

8. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) AT relation to cognitive and affective measures  content analysis of the items strongly related and unrelated to the AT construct  summary results for each of the scales in relation to the AT construct

9. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) CL ST CG EV PR UN AF Items 38 11 13 10 19 26 14 Strong 17 7 1 1 2 18 0 above 2,50 Moderate 17 4 4 7 14 6 0 2,00 to 2,50 Weak 4 0 9 2 3 2 4 1,00 to 2,00 Unrelated 0 0 6 0 0 0 10 below 1,00

10. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) Items with a complete consensus on relatedness I become uncomfortable when the rules in a situation are not clear (ST54). I like to know precisely what is meant by information that I learn (PR118). The ambiguities in life stress me (UN161).

11. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) 42 out of 46 strongly related items discomfort and frustration inability to act in ambiguous situation avoidance of ambiguity in one’s understanding of a situation, event or idea avoidance of the encounter with ambiguity 4 out of 46 strongly related items positive experience in uncertain or ambiguous situations preference for exploration

12. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) Items unrelated to AT an approach orientation towards experiencing of emotions (7 items AF) the importance assigned to being intellectual and developing one’s intellectual skills (6 items CG) an avoidance approach to emotional experiences (3 items AF)

13. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) Scales’ relation to AT ST ST 92 % 2,66 (0,20) RLS (5S,2M) DS (2S, 2M) UN UN 96 % 2,53 (0,43) CL CL 90 % 2,45 (0,33) Pr Am Or Cm De(4of7) PR PR 95 % 2,26 (0,26) 74 % M EV EV 63 % 2,26 (0,27) 70 % M CG CG 29 % 1,42 (0,85) 77 % reverse scored AF AF 15 % 0,68 (0,69)

14. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) Cross cultural comparisons  discrepancies in judges’ consensus on items’ relation to the AT construct  differences in judges’ ratings of the items’ relation to the AT construct

15. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) Cross cultural comparisons  3 opposite and 38 differing items out of 188 CG(18), AF(12), EV(5), CL(4), PR(1) and UN(1) French judges - 18 out of 38, 5 YES and 13 NO Bulgarian judges - 20 out of 38, 15 Yes and 5 NO  significant differences on 6 out of 137 items (1, p < 0,001) (5, p < 0,05) e AT construct

16. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) CONCLUSIONS  validity of the AT construct  cross cultural insights

17. Ambiguity tolerance: Cross cultural content analysis Stoycheva, Lubart, Zenasni, Popova (ICP 2008) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Marina Vulova, Maria Trifonova, Carolyn Granier- Deferre, Tzena Mileva NATO Research Fellowship Jacobs Foundation - Short-term exchange grant Laboratory of Cognition and Development University Rene Descartes, Paris, France Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria

18. ICP2008, July 20-25, Berlin, Germany IS-008 Tolerance for ambiguity, creativity, and personality Relation of ambiguity tolerance to cognitive and affective needs A cross cultural content analysis Katya Stoycheva, Todd Lubart, Franck Zenasni, Kalina Popova THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ! FOR YOUR ATTENTION !